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Ent. of the LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
Published quarterly by THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Publié par LA SOCIETE DES LEPIDOPTERISTES Herausgegeben von DER GESELLSCHAFT DER LEPIDOPTEROLOGEN Publicado por LA SOCIEDAD DE LOS LEPIDOPTERISTAS
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22 April 1976
THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
RonaLp W. Honcess, President
S. S. Nicouay, President-elect Oxar H. H. Mie.xe, Vice President Donatp R. Davis, Ist Vice President Joun M. Sniper, Treasurer Witu1aM Hovanirz, Vice President Lee D. MILLER, Secretary
Members at large (three year terms):
D. C. Fercuson (1975) J. T. Brewer (1976) C. V. CovELL, Jr. (1976) R. O. KENDALL (1975) K. S. Brown (1976) D. F. Harpwick (1977) J. A. Powetxi (1975) K. W. Puiie (1976) J. B. Zecier (1977)
The object of the Lepidopterists’ Society, which was formed in May, 1947 and formally constituted in December, 1950, is “to promote the science of lepidopterology in all its branches, .... to issue a periodical and other publications on Lepidoptera, to facilitate the exchange of specimens and ideas by both the professional worker and the amateur in the field; to secure cooperation in all measures” directed towards these aims.
Membership in the Society is open to all persons interested in the study of Lepidoptera. All members receive the Journal and the News of the Lepidopterists’ Society. Institutions may subscribe to the Journal but may not become members. Prospective members should send to the Treasurer full dues for the current year, together with their full name, address, and special lepidopterological interests. In alternate years a list of members of the Society is issued, with addresses and special interests. There are four numbers in each volume of the Journal, scheduled for February, May, August and November, and six numbers of the News each year.
Active members—annual dues $13.00 Student members—annual dues $10.00 Sustaining members—annual dues $20.00 Life members—single sum $150.00 Institutional subscriptions—annual $18.00
Send remittances, payable to The Lepidopterists’ Society, and address changes to: John M. Snider, 3520 Mulldae Ave., San Pedro, Calif. 90732 U.S.A.
Memoirs of the Lepidopterists’ Society, No. 1 (Feb. 1964) A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE NEARCTIC RHOPALOCERA
by Cyrit F. pos Passos
Price: Society members, $5.00 U.S.; non-members, $7.50 U.S. Paper covers, revisions of the Melitaeinae and Lycaenidae supplied separately.
Order: Mail to Charles V. Covell, Jr., Memoirs Editor, Department of Biology, Uni- versity of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, U.S.A.
The Lepidopterists’ Society is a non-profit, scientific organization. The known office of publication is 1041 New Hampshire St., Lawrence, Kansas 66044. Second class postage paid at Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. 66044.
JOURNAL OF
Tue LeEpPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
t Volume 30 1976 Number 1
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS 1975— TO MY FELLOW AMATEURS
ANDRE BLANCHARD P. O. Box 20304, Houston, Texas 77025
The title of Dr. Rindge’s Presidential Address to the twelfth annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Section at San Diego, California (1965) was: “The Importance of Collecting—Now’. In it he explained that we were —we still are of course—in a losing race against the spread of civilization and concomitant destruction of breeding grounds for Lepidoptera. His address was a plea for immediate and intensive collecting of butterflies and moths. I am sure that few professionals needed such a reminder but I hope that many amateurs listened and followed his advice. Yet, and in full agreement with everything that he said, I would like to add my two cents worth of comments to Dr. Rindge’s appeal.
The number of amateurs interested in moths is disproportionately smaller than that of those interested in butterflies, yet there are many times more species of moths than of butterflies. If there are, say, ten times more species of moths and ten times less people interested in them, this is a deficiency factor of one hundred against the moths. In such a situation it is indeed very likely that many, many species of moths will disappear from the earth before they are seen by a single taxonomist. How can we hope to redress such an imbalance? By showing that study- ing moths can be more rewarding because there is a lot more to be discovered about them.
Before I go any further, let me tell you that I am very much aware of the fact that we do not have enough collectors even of butterflies, that we would like to have several times more of them. Nothing that I am going to say should be interpreted as an attempt to dissuade anybody from collecting butterflies: my ambition is only to convince some ama- teurs to work on moths in parallel with butterflies and to kindle an inter- est in moths in some neophytes.
JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
bo
Most of us come to lepidopterology for the pleasure of assembling a beautiful collection. We may differ as to how geographically extensive it will be or as to which groups of Lepidoptera will be included, but I think that nearly all of us start that way. Let me tell you, between parentheses that, from my contacts with many professionals, I have come to the conclusion that most of them are dyed in the wool amateurs who have found a way of getting paid for doing what they would gladly do, at their own expense, if they could afford to do so.
However, many of us amateurs can not be happy for long, with collect- ing Lepidoptera the way others collect postage stamps. Mere collecting of course is all right and quite satisfying for many, but those who gradu- ate to the studying stage find their hobby considerably more satisfying. The key words are studying, doing research, and as there is immensely more that is unknown and unexplored among the Heterocera, the chances of hitting on something new are considerably better with moths than with butterflies. Where is the amateur who is not thrilled when he discovers something new like a wide extension of range, a new food- plant, a new detail of a life history or a species new to Science? Moths, just because they are not overall as pretty as most butterflies, reserve their rewards for those who study them a little more deeply.
Lepidopterology is a wonderful science in which you do not need to be an expert—as you would have to be in Mathematics, Physics or Biology for instance—to do some simple, simple but useful research.
A good point of moths is that they are rather easy to collect: this is not the place to explain how, but I rather like my method which con- sists of setting the traps at sunset, going to sleep, and gathering the loot at daybreak. The only disadvantage of this method is that you miss the day flying species and those which come only at bait.
Moths, of course, are divided in Macroheterocera and Microheterocera. Both groups are replete with discoveries waiting to be made, but the micros are even more so.
One of the most promising avenues to discovery is through rearing of larvae: rearing and careful field observations are research at its best, and this type of activity requires only very inexpensive equipment. When you come to think that in some good size genera, the larva or the food- plant of not a single species is known, you realize that by rearing all the larvae that you can procure, you stand a more than even chance of dis- covering from time to time something well worth your trouble. Good records of everything should of course be maintained, some larvae and pupae preserved by pickling or dehydrating.
There was a time, late in the nineteenth and early in this twentieth centuries when entomologists vied for the description of new species.
VoLUME 30, NuMBER 1 3
Today, it sometimes seems that they need an excuse to do so, unless it is in the course of a group revision. These group revisions, however, which have become their main activity, bring forth amazing results: hardly any genus is revised without recognizing several new species which had been overlooked, or splitting the genus into two or more genera. In any case, these group revisions necessitate bringing together, and making available to the reviser, all the material available in all the museums and the private collections. If you have any material available in the genus being revised, this is your chance of contributing something valuable which will, of course be fully acknowledged.
I have already mentioned that the micros are even less well under- stood than the macros. This, really is an understatement: some groups of micros are so poorly known that it is almost useless to request identi- fication of specimens: more than half return with at most a genus name. These are orphan groups and you do not have to go very far down the check list of micros to find such groups: the Epipaschiines—a subfamily of the Pyralids—are a good example. I have assiduously collected them, prepared male and female genitalia and discovered that they are too similar to be of much help, on top of that several species look alike and there is some sexual dimorphism. I may be wrong but I am inclined to think that this is, in part at least, why these groups have been left alone and that, in cases like that, the success of a revision and the willingness of a potential reviser to tackle the job depend on the availability of good, long reared series of specimens with preserved larvae, pupae, eggs and careful records of everything including foodplants. Professionals will take care of all this for economically important species, but we, amateurs, could and should do it for all kinds of species. These would be wonderful projects for young amateurs. I say young, because the fruition of their efforts may come only after several years of routine and not immediately rewarding work. But would not the result be worth the effort?
Will my plea bring forth the hoped for response? Not if I merely urge the amateurs to go ahead blindly into a world unfamiliar to most of them. This is where I turn to the professionals and tell them: we want. we need your help! I wonder if one of you “Pros” would come forth, prepare for us and publish in the Journal a clear and easy guide to the moths and particularly the micros. I do not mean something as complete and forbidding as Forbes’ key in Volume One of his “Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States,” but a summary of the most easily observed characters of the different families and—where possible—subfamilies, well illustrated with sketches showing palpi, antennae, wing shapes, types of maculation, etc. This, in my opinion, is the most helpful tool that the professional could give the amateur.
4 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
I directed my address to “My Fellow Amateurs” because I meant it as a plea to some of them, who may not realize that the study of the moth, less glamorous perhaps than the study of the butterfly, is in the long run more rewarding. But, to the enthusiasm of the amateur, let the professional add the support of his knowledge. Let him give us the guide we need, let him stake out the road to lead us into the strange but wonderful world of the humble moth.
CAPTURE OF A HYBRID LIMENITIS ARTHEMIS ASTYANAX) X L. ARCHIPPUS (NYMPHALIDAE) IN SOUTHERN GEORGIA
On 22 September 1974 a recently emerged male hybrid between Limenitis arthe- mis astyanax (Fabricius) and L. archippus (Cramer) (form rudidus Strecker) was captured near Fort Jackson, Savannah, Chatham Co., Georgia. Limenitis archippus was abundant in the area, but L. a. astyanax was not observed. The specimen (Fig. 1) is presently in the author's collection.
Platt & Greenfield (1971, J. Lepid. Soc. 25: 278-284) reported the capture of a similar interspecific hybrid in North Carolina and listed 12 previously known records of such hybrids. An additional North Carolina specimen was reported by Green- field & Platt (1974, J. Lepid. Soc. 28: 72-75). The individual captured at Savannah and the two from North Carolina are apparently the only known records of this form from the southeastern U.S.A.
RicuHArp T. Arsocast, 114 Monica Blvd., Savannah, Georgia 31406.
Fig. 1. Male L. arthemis astyanax ~% L. archippus collected near Fort Jackson,
Savannah, Georgia, on 22 September 1974 Jobin In, 1h Arbogast. Left: dorsal surface; right: ventral surface.
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NEW HESPERIIDAE RECORDS FOR TEXAS AND THE UNITED STATES
WitutiamM W. McGuire P.O. Box 29884, San Antonio, Texas 78229
AND
MicHAEL A. RICKARD 4628 Oakdale, Bellaire, Texas 77401
The Rio Grande Valley of Texas, located in the extreme southern section of the state and encompassing areas of essentially neotropical habitat, offers a unique opportunity for the study of Lepidoptera in the U.S.A. The authors have had the good fortune to collect this area rather frequently during the past several years and during that time some inter- esting and important new records of Hesperiidae have been obtained.
During 1972-1974 specimens of several rare Hesperiidae, previously known in the U.S.A. from only a few examples, were taken: Aguna asander (Hewitson), Aguna claxon Evans, Typhedanus undulatus (Hew- itson), Polythrix mexicanus Freeman, Proteides mercurius (Fabricius), Urbanus doryssus Swainson, Panoquina fusina evansi (Freeman), As- traptes gilberti Freeman, Carrhenes canescens (R. Felder), Gorgythion begga pyralina (Moschler) and Lerema ancillaris liris Evans. In addition 12 species of Hesperiidae were taken that represent apparent new U.S.A. records, another that is at least a new Texas record, and two others that substantiate previous but litle known Texas records. Nomenclature and arrangement follows that of fvans (1952, 1953, 1955) and determina- tions, unless otherwise indicated, were made by Rickard.
Epargyreus exadeus cruza Evans. Fig. 1. McGuire collected 1 2 in McAllen, Hidalgo County on 18 October 1973 as it fed on blossoms of Queen’s Crown, Antigonon leptopus H. and A. (Polygonaceae). Previous records for this species are confusing: Holland (1931), p. 330, listed E. exadeus (Cramer) as “a straggler in southern California, New Mexico and Arizona.’ However, Evans (1952) stated that what Holland illustrated was E. exadeus cruza rather than exadeus exadeus (Cramer), and noted other distribution for cruza as Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador, Costa Rica, and Panama (transitional to exadeus exadeus). This is the first known record of this skipper for Texas.
Aguna metophis (Latreille). Fig. 2. Rickard took a worn @ in Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, Hidalgo County, 6 September 1969, det. H. A. Freeman. Other Texas records include Mission, Hidalgo County, 10 September 1972, 1 Q (Roy O. Kendall); Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge, Hidalgo County, 10 and 27 October 1973, 1 ¢ each date (Rickard); Loop 374 west of Mission, Hidalgo County, 18 October 1973, 1 &, and 19 October 1973, 1 @ (McGuire) and 26
6 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
S
Figs. 1-5. 1, Epargyreus exadeus cruza Evans, 9, ventral, McAllen, Texas, 18 October 1973; F 28 mm. 2, Aguna metophis (Latreille), 9, ventral, Loop 374, Mission, Texas, 19 October 1973; F 23 mm, tail 10 mm. 3, Codatractus alcaeus alcaeus (Godman & Salvin), 2, ventral, McAllen, 19 October 1973; F 26 mm. 4, Urbanus pronta Evans, 6, ventral, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 24 De- cember 1973; F 23 mm, tail 5 mm. 5, Urbanus esmeraldus Butler, ¢, ventral, McAllen, 18 August 1972; F 20 mm, tail 10 mm.
October 1973, 1 ¢@ (Rickard); Galveston, Galveston County, 7 August 1973, a worn @ (McGuire). Distribution noted by Evans (1952) includes Mexico, Nicar- agua, Panama, Venezuala, Matto Grosso and South Brazil.
Codatractus alceaus alceaus (Godman & Salvin). Fig. 3. The first record for this species in Texas was given by Freeman (1951) as a single specimen from the Davis Mountains, no data. A single worn specimen was collected and reported
VoLUME 30, NUMBER | 74
10
Figs. 6-10. Astraptes egregius egregius Butler, 2, dorsal, Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, Texas, 18 October 1973; F 24 mm. 7, Astraptes alardus latia Evans, ¢, ventral, San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Mexico, 23 October 1973; F 28 mm. 8, Achalarus jalapus (Plotz), ¢, ventral, Sullivan City, Texas, 31 July 1972; F 25 mm. 9, Bolla clytius (Godman & Salvin), ¢, dorsal, Abrams, Texas, 18 October 1973; F 15 mm. 10, Sostrata bifasciata nordica Evans, é&, dorsal, Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, 26 October 1973; F 15 mm.
by J. Richard Heitzman (1970) from Boca Chica, Cameron County, 27 June 1968. On 19 October 1973 McGuire collected 1 ¢ at Penitas and 1 @ at McAllen, both Hidalgo County. Obviously uncommon in Texas, it is at times abundant at Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosi, Mexico (H. A. Freeman, pers. comm.) which is about 500
8 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
mi south of the Texas border and was recorded by Evans (1952) from Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica, as well as Mexico.
Urbanus pronta Evans. Fig. 4. Rickard took a @ along a railroad track near Madero, Hidalgo County on 19 October 1969. It was visiting blossoms of Lantana horrida H. B. K. It was papered as U. proteus (Linnaeus) and the true identity not discovered by the author until September 1973. Previous distribution records are from throughout Mexico and Central America south to Paraguay (Evans, 1952).
Urbanus esmeraldus Butler. Fig. 5. A single specimen of this species was found by McGuire among his Urbanus material following Rickard’s discovery of U. pronta. The specimen is a fresh 6, collected 18 August 1972 at McAllen. This species is rather widespread from Mexico south to Paraguay (Evans, 1952) and at times rather common in southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, within 350 mi of the Texas border.
Astraptes egregius egregius Butler. Fig. 6. A @ was taken by McGuire, 18 October 1973 in Bentsen State Park. The usual habitat of this species is central Mexico south to the Amazons (Evans, 1952) and this record, as confirmed by Mr. H. A. Freeman, represents a significant range extension as well as a new United States record.
Astraptes alardus latia Evans. Fig. 7. Rickard took three specimens in 1973: Bentsen State Park, 16 June (1 worn 2) and 10 October (1 fair 9), and Santa Ana Refuge, 1 September (1 fresh ¢). All were collected in wooded areas as they rested under large leaves. This distinctive Astraptes has been recorded from Central America and Colombia by Evans (1952), and found rarely by McGuire in Ta- maulipas, Mexico, within 200 mi of Texas.
Achalarus jalapus (Plotz). Fig. 8. A fresh ¢ was taken by McGuire, 31 July 1972 near Sullivan City in western Hidalgo County. Roy O. Kendall collected (and det.) 1 2 on 8 September 1972 and 1. 4 on 9 September 1972 in Mission, Hidalgo County. In 1973, Rickard took 2 ¢ 6 at McAllen, 23 September and 20 October, and John B. Vernon collected 1 @ at the same location on the latter date. This species has probably been often confused with the more common A. toxeus (Plotz), from which it can be distinguished by the presence of the lobed hindwing in jalapus. Recorded by Evans (1952) from Mexico (Jalapa; Granahl; Guada- lajara), Guatemala, Honduras and Columbia, it is not uncommon 300 mi south of Texas (McGuire).
Bolla clytius (Godman & Salvin). Fig. 9. On 18 October 1973 McGuire collected 2 64 and 1 2 southwest of Mission near the village of Abrams, Hidalgo County; these were all taken along a wooded canal as they visited Aster blossoms. Determi- nation of these specimens prompted the authors to contact Mr. J. W. Tilden, who had previously reported Bolla brennus from the Rio Grande Valley (Tilden, 1971) and ask that he recheck his Bolla specimens. This was done and Tilden confirmed his earlier determination of B. brennus, thus establishing the presence of two species of Bolla in Texas and the U.S.A. Evans (1953) records this species from only Mexico and Honduras.
Sostrata bifasciata nordica Evans. Fig. 10. Rickard took 2 ¢ 8 in Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park on 26 October 1973. They were patrolling small patches of light in a wooded area late in the afternoon. This species has also been found rather commonly by McGuire in the Ciudad Victoria area of Mexico, and is recorded from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica by Evans (1953).
Heliopetes arsalte arsalte (Linnaeus). Fig. 11. McGuire collected a pair of fresh specimens at Boca Chica, east of Brownsville, Cameron County, late in the evening of 20 October 1973; both were flying about in open chaparral in company with Heliopetes laviana (Hewitson) and H. macaira (Reakirt). McGuire had previously collected this species within 200 mi of the Texas border, near Ciudad Victoria; vans (1953) lists distribution throughout Mexico, Central and South America, and Trinidad.
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15
Figs. 11-15. 11, Heliopetes arsalte arsalte (Linnaeus), 2, ventral, Boca Chica, Texas, 20 October 1973; F 16 mm. 12, Pirwna microsticta (Godman), 2, ventral, Sullivan City, 20 October 1973; F 10 mm. 13, Corticea corticea corticea (Pl6tz), ¢, dorsal, Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, 3 September 1972; F 12 mm. 14, Rhinthon osca (Plotz), ¢, dorsal, Loop 374, Mission, 20 October 1973; F 21 mm. 15, Conga chydaea (Butler), ¢, dorsal, Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, 15 July 1972; F 14 mm.
Piruna microsticta (Godman). Fig. 12. Evans (1955) recorded 1 ¢ from Texas as well as specimens from Mexico. Holland (1931), p. 361 noted the species as occurring in northern Mexico and “reported as having been taken in Arizona near the Mexican border.” After finding specimens in arrid terrain in southern Tamau- lipas, Mexico, a search of similar habitat near Sullivan City, Hidalgo County, led to McGuire’s capture of 1 2 on 20 October 1973, which reinforces Evans’ earlier record for Texas.
Corticea corticea corticea (Plétz). Fig. 13. We have taken a number of examples of this rather common Mexican species to date. Rickard collected 1 ¢ at Madero on 4 November 1973 and 2 @@ in Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park, 16 December 1973. A subsequent search of the authors’ collections turned up addi- tional records: Bentsen State Park, 3 September 1972, McGuire (1 ¢) and Santa
10 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Ana National Wildlife Refuge, 9 November 1968, Rickard (1 ¢, 1 9). These speci- mens had been mislabeled Nastra julia (Freeman). The obscure appearance and superficial resemblance to N. julia has doubtless caused other collectors to overlook or mislabel corticea. The species in widely distributed throughout Mexico, Central America and South America as far south as Argentina (Evans, 1955).
Rhinthon osca (Plétz). Fig. 14. Rickard captured a fresh Q in a wooded area along Loop 374 west of Mission, Hidalgo County, on 20 October 1973; he collected a second @ in good condition south of Mission near the village of Madera, Hidalgo County, 26 October 1973 as it visited blossoms of Eupatorium odoratum L. Pre- viously, R. osca has been considered a subspecies of the Antillean R. cubana Herrich-Schaffer), but the authors are advised by H. A. Freeman (pers. comm.) that it should be accorded specific status. McGuire has previously collected specimens as far north as Ciudad Mante, Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Evans (1955) notes distribution from Mexico south to Ecuador.
Conga chydaea (Butler). Fig. 15. McGuire collected specimens in Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park on 15 July 1972 (1 ¢, 1 @) and 2 September 1972 (1 6); Rickard collected 2 92 on 25 October 1973 as they visited blossoms of Queen’s Crown along a canal in McAllen. This species is relatively common in Mexico to the south of Ciudad Mante, and noted by Evans (1955) to be recorded as far south as Argentina.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Interpretations and Exhibits Branch, for per- mits making possible Lepidoptera research in Santa Ana National Wild- life Refuge and Bentsen-Ric Grande Valley State Park, respectively. Additionally, the authors wish to thank the personnel at Santa Ana and Bentsen for their assistance and cooperation; Mr. H. A. Freeman for confirming determinations, rendering advice and clarifying certain points relative to these Hesperiidae; Mr. Roy O. Kendall for his continuing support and aid in the ongoing study of Texas Rhopalocera and _ his critical review of this manuscript; and to Dr. C. E. Hall of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas for the photographs used in this article.
LITERATURE CITED
Evans, W. H. 1952. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classi- fication and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. Part II. Pyrginae, Sec. 1, London: British Museum, 178 p., pls. 10-25.
- 1953. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classifica-
tion and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. Part ITI. Pyrginae,
Sec. 2, London: British Museum, 246 p., pls. 26-53.
= 1955. A catalogue of the American Hesperiidae indicating the classifica-
tion and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum. Part IV. Hesperiinae
and Megathyminae. London: British Museum, 449 p., pls. 54-88.
FREEMAN, H. A. 1951. Ecological and systematic study of the Hesperiidae of Texas. So. Meth. Univ. Studies, 6: 1-64.
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HeirzMan, J. R. 1970. A new U.S. butterfly record and a migration of Eunica monima in Texas (Nymphalidae). Mid-Continent Lepid. Series, 12: 10-11.
Ho.tuanp, W. J. 1931. The butterfly book. Rev. ed. New York: Doubleday Doran and Co., Inc., 424 p., 77 pls.
TitpEn, J. W. 1971. Aguna claxon (Hesperiidae) new to the United States. J. Lepid. SOG.2 25 PABST
HAPALIA NIGRISTRIATALIS A SYNONYM OF UDEA ANGUSTALIS (PYRALIDAE: PYRAUSTINAE)
In my recent paper on the Udea angustalis group (Munroe, 1974, Can. Ent. 106: 139-142), I did not consider Hapalia nigristriatalis Hampson (1918, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 9(2): 395), described from a single male from San Antonio, Colombia, collected by Palmer. Examination of a photograph of the holotype, made by me at the British Museum (Natural History) in 1958 (Fig. 1), shows that H. nigristriatalis should be transferred to Udea Guenée, 1844, where it becomes Udea nigristriatalis (Hampson), new combination, and falls as a synonym of Udea angustalis (Dognin, 1905), already known to range from southern Mexico to Bolivia.
EucENE Munroe. Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 5
Fig. 1. Hapalia nigristriatalis Hampson, 1918, holotype, male, San Antonio, West Colombia, Palmer, British Museum (Natural History). Black and white print from Kodachrome transparency. Wingspan of specimen 22 mm. The type-label was made by Hampson before he began to use the name Hapalia Hiibner for the collective genus he had for many years called Pionea Guenée.
12 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF ARGYREUS HYPERBIUS (NYMPHALIDAE) FROM NEW GUINEA
Curis SAMSON Saruman, St. Giles in the Wood, Beckley, E. Sussex, England
Argyreus hyperbius niugini Samson, subsp. nov.
Male. Forewing length: 37-45 mm.
Dorsal surface: Margins well defined, particularly those of the hindwings which, when combined with broad submarginals, produce a wide band. In addition to black bar of hindwing discal cell, there are remnants of another on discocellulars.
Ventral surface: Constant character appears to be the absence of silver spot which, in nominate subspecies and majority of others, is present in dark postbasal area of hindwing cell. Absence of such spot also characterised in the Australian subspecies: inconstans Butler.
Female. Forewing length: 35-48 mm.
Dorsal surface: Extensive charcoal-blue band, bisecting forewing; black bars in cell are pronounced. White bar in space 4, plus spot therein usually inferior. Hindwing submarginal bands broad, moreso than those of male.
Ventral surface: Markings well defined on fore- and hindwings; broad hindwing submarginals. As in male, silver spot absent in dark area of hindwing cell.
Holotype. Male: New Guinea, Nondug] (Central Highlands), 5,500 ft., October 16, 1950. Coll. by Wm. Brandt (E. J. L. Hallstrom). Forewing length, 43 mm.
Allotype. Female: same as holotype, but November 1950. Forewing length, 45 mm.
The above primary types are in the Australian National Insect Collection, Can- berna vA. Cor:
Paratypes. 6 ¢ 4,5 29, Daulo Pass, Eastern Highlands District, New Guinea, 8,000 ft., August 1971 (2 646, 3 @@ to British Museum [Natural History]; 2 é é to American Museum of Natural History; 2 ¢ 6, 2 2 retained by author). Also in the British Museum (Natural History): 1 9, Br. New Guinea, Foothills between Kikori R. & Purari R. (J. P. de Verteuil); 3 ¢ 4, Watut R. to Buiang, west- side of Herzog Mts., 3,200-5,400 ft., early 1928 (A. F. Eichhorn); 4 ¢ 6, Saiko, Bubu R., Upp. Waria R. Sept., Beg. October, 5,500 ft., 1936; 2 4 en es) oe Zageheme, Cromwell Mts., East Finisterre Range, 20 VI to 7 VIL31, 4800’ (F. Shaw Meyer); 1 8, same as above, but 16 VII.31. Retained by author: 1 3, 1 2, New ae Western Highlands, Kandep, 8,000-8,500 ft., 23.1.61 to 14.2.62, W. W. Brandt.
Further material of this subspecies collected by Wm. Brandt in New Guinea, now in the Australian National Insect Collection: 5 @ é, 2 99, Western High- lands, Kandep, 8,000-8,500 ft., 23.1.61 to 14.2.62; 6 646, 1 9, Kedama Range, Mt. Kaindi, 6,500 ft., 24.2.1952, Sir Edward Hallstrom; 8 ¢ 6, 4 92, Nondugl (Central Highlands), 5,500 ft., 1950, Sir Edward Hallstrom (dates range from Sept. 24 to Dec. 12); 3 44, Western Highlands, Mt. Hagen Valley, Keltiga, 5,600 ft., 28.9 to 25.10.1961; 1 2, Western Highlands, Jimi River, 4,700 ft., 16.7 to 21.9.1961; 1 6, Telefomin (Eliptamin), 4,500-5,500 ft., 19 June to 14 Sept. 1958.
The Rijksmuseum at Leiden, Nederlands, possess at least 2 males of A. hyperbius niugini from Irian Jaya (formerly Dutch New Guinea and
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Fig. 1. Argyreus hyperbius niugini. A, holotype (male) and allotype (female); B, ventral surfaces of same.
West Irian), i.e., Paniai, 14 & 15.X1I.1939. This locality is now known as Enaratoli and lies to the east of Wissel Lakes, at approximately 5700’. In the British Museum (Natural History) there is a female A. hyperbius subspecies labelled: Dutch N. Guinea, Kobotil, O. Kaba (BM 1922- 165). This appears to be within the known variation of A. hyperbius javanica Oberthur, and is a dark, well marked example. I am unable to locate any examples from the Moluccas or intermediate islands, but A. hyperbius subspecies reappear in the west in the Sunda Islands, Java and Sumatra, Sulawesi (formerly Celebes) and through India to Abys- sinia.
I have seen males and females of A. h. niugini from the Central and Northern Districts of Papua, and according to Ray Straatman (pers. comm., 1973): “. . . the species flies in open areas (grassland) at alti- tudes from 1500 to 3000 metres and is most common at about 2000 to 3000 metres.” D’Abrera (1971, p. 210) records the Australian subspecies, A. h. inconstans as occurring also in New Guinea and possibly Papua. All specimens that I have observed from Papua New Guinea are quite
14 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
~~ DJAYAPURA Sar VANIMO Sie. = we ALEXANDER
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Fig. 2. Map of Papua New Guinea (excluding Manus, New Ireland, Woodlark and Bougainville) indicating main ranges and localities for paratypes and primary type material.
separable from those in Australia which, to the best of my knowledge, are restricted to that area. Thus, we record the new subspecies from mainland Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya.
The life-history of A, h. niugini is probably similar to that of the nominate subspecies from North India, the larvae feeding on Violaceae; indeed, the early stages of A. hyperbius from Japan are well illustrated and documented in Shir6zu & Hara (1960, p. 31).
As noted from the material examined, many specimens cf A. h. niugini were collected by William Brandt, including the primary types; thus, I think it only fitting to include some notes on this accomplished naturalist:
William Brandt came to Australia from Sweden about 1949 and was employed by the late Sir Edward Hallstrom to collect butterflies for him in New Guinea. For five years Brandt built up an impressive collection of Lepidoptera, primarily from Papua and New Guinea, and mainly of the larger species. In 1955 Hallstrom lost interest in his collection of butterflies and donated it to the Australian Government, whereupon it became part of the Division of Entomology, C.S.I.R.O. at Canberra. From 1955 until his retirement about 1969, Brandt continued to collect
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mainly Lepidoptera in New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, New Hebrides, Solomons and many of the smaller New Guinea islands. In this work he was financed largely by the Bishop Museum, Hawaii; during the latter period the Lepidoptera continued to come to the Aus- tralian National Insect Collection, while the other insects went to the Bishop Museum.
Brandt collected for a total of about 15 years in New Guinea, the last three or four years before his retirement being spent working on the Collection in Australia or, for about two years, working on New Guinea Lepidoptera at the British Museum ( Natural History ). During the period when Brandt was collecting for Hallstrom, the latter insisted that the data labels bore his name, as well as the actual collector. Hallstrom was very interested in New Guinea and set up an Experimental Livestock Station at Nondugl, the type locality for the new subspecies herein described.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I am grateful for the help afforded me by Paul E. Smart (Saruman Museum) and T. G. Howarth (British Museum), both of whom allowed me access to useful material and much valued advice; also to Dr. R. de Jong (Rijksmuseum, Nederlands) and H. J. Balcliffe (Royal Geographical Society, England). Special thanks are extended to Dr. Ian F. B. Com- mon (C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia) for supplying much useful data, plus specimen material for primary and paratypic designation.
LITERATURE CITED
D’Asrera, B. 1971. Butterflies of the Australian Region. Lansdowne, Melboume. 415 p.
Hemmiunc, F. 1967. The generic names of the butterflies and their type-species (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9. 509 p.
McCussyy, C. 1971. Australian butterflies. Nelson, Melbourne. 206 p.
Serrz, A. 1927. The macrolepidoptera of the world. Vol. 9. Stuttgart.
SHmrozu, T. & A. Hara. 1960. Early Stages of Japanese Butterflies in Colour. Vol. 2. Hoikuscha, Osaka. 148 p.
16 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
CALLOPHRYS ERYPHON (LYCAENIDAE) IN MAINE
WakrkREN J. KIEL P. O. Box #2, Whitefield, New Hampshire 03598
On the basis of several specimens of a large, boldly marked Callophrys recently examined and determined by Mr. J. D. Lafontaine and Mr. Harry K. Clench, Callophrys (Incisalia) eryphon (Boisduval) is here reported to be established in a small acid bog located in western Maine.
Clench (in Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 1961) summarizes the eastern range of C. eryphon as “eastward to Rockies, Nebraska and northern Manitoba.” Klots (1951) does not include C. eryphon as occurring east of the Great Plains, nor is it mentioned in his list of casual species. In the past decade however, the species has been discovered to occur much farther east. Recent eastward records include Port Hope, Ontario ( Riotte, 1967); Pine Co. (Masters, 1972) and Cook Co. (Huber, 1966), Minnesota; and Chippewa and Luce counties, eastern upper peninsula of Michigan (Nielsen, 1966). The recent Maine checklist (Brower, 1974) contains no mention of C. eryphon.
The bog, Black Spruce—sphagnum heath, is roughly 3-5 acres in extent, and is located adjacent to state Rt. 16, east of the Maine-New Hampshire border, approximately 6 mi. S of Wilsons Mills, near the confluence of the Diamond and Magalloway rivers. The area is approxi- mately 1,260 ft. in elevation and surrounded by low mountains. The bog supports a rather dense growth of Black Spruce (Picea mariana), Tamarack (Larix laricina) and other typical associate plants, e.g., Labra- dor Tea (Ledum groenlandicum), Rhodora (Rhododendron canadense ), laurel (Kalmia sp.), Bog Rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), various other heaths, grasses and sedges. From early to mid-June OEneis jutta Hubner occurs here, along with an unusually productive colony of Callophrys augustinus augustinus (Westwood), and the proliferation of flowering plants attract a variety of other Canadian Zone butterflies in the late spring. Ease of access has made the area a popular collecting spot with numerous New England entomologists.
During two trips to the bog on 8 and 9 June 1974, a good series of C. eryphon was taken, both sexes being fairly common. A number of these were later positively identified by Mr. Lafontaine and Mr. Clench. A small series of the same catch was also deposited in the Dartmouth College Museum Collection.
Phe presence of Callophrys eryphon this far east raises a number of
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questions concerning (1) sympatry with C. niphon clarki Freeman, (2) significance of the bog environment and (3) larval food plant.
I recently re-examined the series of C. eryphon now in the Dartmouth College Collection to check the possible inclusion of C. niphon. All specimens in the series (7 males, 4 females in fresh to slightly worn con- dition) appear to be eryphon, suggesting that at least within the bog contines, niphon does not occur. Locally, however, C. niphon is generally common, usually in association with pine woods and occasionally exhibit- ing local outbreaks (Grey, 1967).
The observed association of this C. eryphon colony with a bog needs further clarification. It may be merely apparent, being presently known only from this one locality, and may display other habitat preferences if and when other colonies are uncovered. It should be noted that the Bog Elfin, C. lanoraieensis Sheppard, well known from large bogs of north central Maine, does not occur here.
Various endemic pines are listed as food plants for C. eryphon in the Western montane regions. Other pines are recorded in the east for C. niphon: Klots (1951) suggests “probably only ‘hard’ pines, i.e. vir- giniana, rigida, etc., not White Pine (P. strobus)”, although Ferguson (1954) does not rule out the possibility of this latter species. The com- mon native pines appear to be almost wholly lacking at the Wilsons Mills locale, therefore, it appears possible that something entirely differ- ent, perhaps one of the spruces could serve as the host. Nearly all of the C. eryphon collected were taken on or near young Black Spruce, the butterflies often alighting on the fresh terminal growth. McGugan (1958) includes White Spruce (Picea glauca) as a larval collection source for C. niphon clarki, suggesting spruce as an alternate choice for both but- terflies. Clearly, however, the matter will remain in question until fur- ther observations and life history work can be conducted.
The discovery of Callophrys eryphon in the east will doubtless generate continued intensive searches for additional colonies of this “western” butterfly. Collectors having specimens of northern New England niphon should check their material carefully and forward any suspect examples
along with data to Mr. Clench for determination.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere thanks are extended to Mr. J. Donald Lafontaine, Biosys- tematics Research Institute, Ottawa, and to Mr. Harry K. Clench, Carne- gie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, for species determination, and, especially to the latter, for helpful comments and suggestions and criticism of the manuscript. Thanks are also due Mr. Paul S. Miliotis,
18 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Dunstable, Mass., for originally raising the question of the true identity of the Maine specimens and for checking the botanical names; to Mr. Donald J. Lennox, Jefferson, N. H., for initial introduction to the bog and helpful discussions relating to host plant possibilities; and to Mr. Richard E. Gray, Dartmouth College Museum, Hanover, Nae. for permitting me to examine material in the collection of that institution.
LITERATURE CITED
Brower, A. E. 1974. A list of the Lepidoptera of Maine—Part 1, the Macrolepi- doptera. Life Sci. Agric. Exp. Sta., Univ. Maine at Orono. 136 p., Oemligs.; 1 map.
EHRLICH, ». R., & A. H. Eueticu. 1961. How to know the butterflies. William C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 262 p., 525 figs.
Fercuson, D. C. 1954. The Lepidoptera of Nova Scotia. Proc. Nova Scotian Inst. Sci, 23(3). 37> pnt ses. 16) pls, 1 map:
Grey, L. P. 1967. Maine in Season Summary. NEWS Lepid. Soc. No. 3, p. 14.
Huser, R. L. (compiler). [1966.] Minnesota 1965 annual butterfly summary. ILI p., hectographed.
Knots, A. B. 1951. A field guide to the butterflies of North America, East of the Great Plains. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 349 p., 40 pls.
Masters, J. H. 1972. Butterfly records for three northeast Minnesota counties Aitkin, Carlton, and Pine Counties. Bull. Assoc. Minn. Ent. 5(2): 19-26.
McGucan, B. M. (compiler). 1958. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest Insect Survey, Vol. I—Papilionidae to Arctiidae. Forest Biology Division, Canada Dept. of Agriculture. 76 p., 46 figs.
NietsEN, M. C. 1966. Occurrence of Callophrys eryphon (Lycaenidae) in Michigan. J. Lepid. Soc. 20: 41-42.
Riorre, J. C. E. 1967. New and corrected butterfly records for Ontario and for Canada. J. Lepid. Soc. 21: 135-137.
MATHILDANA NEWMANELLA (OECOPHORIDAE) IN ARKANSAS
Through the courtesy of H. N. Greenbaum (Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas), I recently have been able to examine moths collected with a Malaise trap set up 24 hours a day in Fayetteville, Washington Co., Arkansas. Among the moths collected 22-26 May 1975 were two females of Mathildana newmanella (Clemens). Hodges in his recent revision of the North American Oecophoridae (1974, Moths Amer. North of Mex., Fasc. 6.2: 122), reported this moth, originally described from Virginia, as occurring from Quebec to North Carolina and extending west only to southern Ohio. The new record from western Arkansas considerably extends the known range of M. newmanella, and, with the range of the deciduous forests ending only a little farther west, this may be near the western limits of its distribution. M. newmanella may be a diurnal flier, as are related species such as Esperia sulphurella (Fabricius ).
Joun B. Heppner, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. (Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 5954. )
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NOTES OF MARYLAND LEPIDOPTERA. 5. A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POANES MASSASOIT (HESPERIIDAE)
WILLIAM A. ANDERSEN 220 Melanchton Avenue, Lutherville, Maryland 21093
AND
ROBERT S. SIMMONS 1305 Light St., Baltimore, Maryland 21230
On 19 June 1962, one of us (WAA) captured two unusual specimens of Poanes massasoit Scudder in New Bridge, Dorchester County, Mary- land. Upon seeing these specimens and learning of their origin, Sim- mons suggested that they might be representatives of a new subspecies, and further collecting trips were planned. On 12 July 1962, 28 additional specimens were collected from the same locality, and all were noted to differ considerably from both P. m. massasoit Scudder and P. m. hughi Clark, the previously described northeastern subspecies.
Our collections contain many examples of P. m. hughi Clark from northcentral Maryland including its type locality. Morphological com- parisons of our eastern shore specimens with those of P. m. hughi and P. m. massasoit indicate that important taxonomic differences exist be- tween the three entities. A distributional study reveals that our new specimens (Figs. 1-10) represent the most southeastern end of a cline, in which P. m. massasoit is the most northerly taxon, with hughi repre- senting an intergrade between our new subspecies and P. m. massasoit.
The apparent differences noted as one studies the cline from north to south are that the specimens become somewhat larger and there is a progressive loss of areas of yellow scales, especially on the underside of the hindwing of both sexes and on the upper surface of the wings of the female. In this study we will make comparisons with P. m. hughi alone as Clark (1932) has already very adequately compared P. m. massasoit and P. m. hughi.
We name this new subspecies after our late, good friend Franklyn H. Chermock, who plied us with specimens, good humor and many inter- esting stories about collecting and collectors.
Poanes massasoit chermocki Andersen and Simmons new subspecies Figs. 1-4, 9-10 Holotype. Male: Forewing length 14.7 mm. Upper surface, forewing: plain,
unmarked, color dark, blackish brown with faint mahogany irridescence. Upper surface, hindwing: same as forewing.
20) JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Under surface, forewing: dark brown generally with slightly lighter brown scales at apical area and just inside costal and outer margins. Three small, sub- apical, yellow-brown spots at costal margin in spaces between veins R-3 and R-4, R-4 and R-5, and R-5 and M-1.
Under surface, hindwing: tan at outer margins, brown centrally. Five yellow, submarginal spots arranged in a rough semicircle paralleling outer margin. A small yellow spot also in discal cell. Between this spot and two of the submarginal spots is a well-defined area of tan scales.
Allotype. Female: Forewing length 16.0 mm. Upper surface, forewing: ground color is the same as in male. Three subapical yellow spots extending in a line inward from costal margin. In postmedian area between veins M-2 and M-3, and and M-3 and Cu-1 are two larger yellow spots, the lower one squarish.
Upper surface, hindwing: same as in male. In rare specimen, only a faint suggestion of one yellow spot in postmedian area.
Under surface, forewing: as in male except with addition of two postmedian spots corresponding to those of upper surface.
Under surface, hindwing: same as in male.
Type localities. Holotype: New Bridge, Dorchester County, Maryland, June 19, 1962. Allotype: same locality, July 6, 1963.
The types are deposited in the U. S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Male and female paratypes will be deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New York and in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Differences between P. m. chermocki and P. m. hughi
1. The most striking difference is in the under surface of the hindwing where the extensive yellow marking (extending from the discal cell outward to include the submarginal yellow band) of hughi is reduced to the narrow yellow submarginal, roughly semi-circular band of individual spots of chermocki.
2. The maculation of the chermocki female is much reduced on the upper surfaces, so that in half the specimens the forewing is immaculate on the upper surface.
3. The size of chermocki is somewhat larger, averaging about 0.5 mm larger per forewing.
Discussion
The locality of New Bridge, Dorchester County, is in the southernmost section of the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay, 80 miles due south of the nearest known colony of P. m. hughi in Cecil County. Cecil County is the northernmost county on the eastern shore of Maryland. It is divided between coastal plain in its southern portion and piedmont in its northern. The specimens of P. m. hughi from Cecil County were
>
_ Figs. I-10. Poanes massasoit subspecies from Maryland. Left side dorsal sur- faces; right, ventral surfaces. 1-4, P. m. chermocki (subsp. nov.), New Bridge, Dorchester County: (1 & 2) holotype, male, 19 June 1962; (3 & 4) allotype, female, 6 July 1963. 5-8, P. m. hughi: (5 & 6) male, Towson, Baltimore County, 3 July 1954; (7 & 8) female, Beltsville, Prince Georges County, 20 July 1967. 9-10, P. m. chermocki, form “suffusa”, New Bridge, Dorchester County, 6 July 1963.
21
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Tcm
22 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
collected in the piedmont area. Much collecting on Maryland's eastern shore coastal plain between the two areas has not produced any closer colonies. This deme in Dorchester County is thus geographically some- what isolated from the nearest population of P. m. hughi and at the present time this population represents the only one known to us from this region.
The specimens of P. m. chermocki are rather homogeneous in their maculation and size as compared with P. m. hughi populations. The under surface of the hindwings of specimens of chermocki are strikingly similar and there is only slight variation in the spots of the upper surfaces in the female. In our hughi specimens, on the other hand, the upper surfaces of the female vary from being spotted on both wings to some having none on either wing, this being in agreement with Clark’s description of his subspecies. The underside of the hind wing is similarly varied. Clark (1932) himself described one specimen from Beltsville, Maryland, which is very like chermocki and he pictured another such specimen in the frontispiece of his Butterflies of Virginia (Clark & Clark, 1951). We note that in our collections of hughi from north central Mary- land forms similar to chermocki occur at a rate of approximately 4 per cent. The form “suffusa” also occurs in this new subspecies. In our series its incidence is about the same as in hughi, i.e., 1 in 10.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are greatly indebted to Dr. Austin P. Platt of the Univer- sity of Maryland, Baltimore County, who not only photographed the specimens and helped make up the plate but also read the manuscript and made helpful criticisms and suggestions. We also thank William F. Andersen who developed and printed the photographs.
LITERATURE CITED
Crark, A. H. 1932. The butterflies of the District of Columbia and vicinity. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 157. 337 + ix p.
Crark, A. H. & L. F. Ciarx. 1951. The butterflies of Virginia. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116, No. 7. 239 + vii p.
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NOTES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND NATURAL HISTORY OF BUTTERFLIES OF EL SALVADOR. VII. ARCHAEOPREPONA DEMOPHON CENTRALIS (NYMPHALIDAE)
ALBERTO MuysHONDT 101 Avenida Norte #322, San Salvador, El Salvador
During August 1971, one of my sons found a strange-looking larva on a very small unknown shrub in a ravine near the city of San Salvador. The larva unfortunately died before pupating due to the lack of food. We could not identify the shrub because it was not in flower, and our efforts to substitute other similar plants for food were unsuccessful. Two years later, we found a female Archaeoprepona demophon centralis Fruhstor- fer (Charaxinae) ovipositing on a larger flowering shrub and were able to rear the species to adult. The larvae were the same as the single specimen collected in 1971. Since that time we have reared the species several times.
The rearing was done inside transparent plastic bags. The larvae were kept supplied with fresh leaves of the foodplant. The plastic bags were cleaned daily of excess moisture and excreta. Shortly before pupation, the larvae were transferred to a wooden box with mosquito-net windows. The adults emerged in the same box. Measurements of the different instars were recorded, and photographs were taken of all developmental stages. Some specimens of the early stages and exuvia were preserved in alcohol. These will be sent to the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The adults were determined by Dr. A. H. B. Rydon, the foodplant by Dr. D. Burch, University of South Florida.
lane GyYcLEe
Egg (Figs. 1, 2). White, spherical but for slightly flattened base, smooth, no visible sculpturing at 15 magnification, 2.5 mm diameter. When ready to hatch in 6 days, head and body marks visible through eggshell.
First instar larva (Fig. 4). General color pale brown. Head roundish, naked, with a dark brown M mark on front. Naked body thickens from head to 2nd abdominal segment, then narrows caudad, terminates in two short tails. Promi- nence on dorsal meson of 3rd thoracic segment, another subdorsally on each side of 2nd abdominal segment directly above corresponding spiraculum. Thoracic segments with fine, dark brown lines. Abdominal segments darker brown dorsally. Anal prolegs smaller than others. Thoracic spiraculum larger than abdominals. Second abdominal spiraculum very high, completely out of line from others, except that 8th abdominal spiraculum also slightly higher. Grows from 4-10 mm in 13 days.
Second instar larva (Fig. 5). Head with same aspect as in first instar except for one short horn on each epicranial apex. Body also as in first instar except dorsal hump more noticeable and tails longer and straight. Grows to 14 mm in § days.
24 JourRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Rae
Figs. 1-6. Archaeoprepona demophon centralis. 1, Egg showing characteristic M on larval head, width about 2.5 mm; 2, egg showing dorsal markings of the larval body; 3, egg parasitied by larvae of an unknown Chalcididae; 4, first instar larva, about 6 mm long, on resting perch; 5, second instar larva, about 14 mm long, baring a vein; 6, third instar larva, about 27 mm long.
Third instar larva (Fig. 6). Same general colors as earlier. Head with longer horns; appearance of small, blunt, lateral projections below and behind horns. Mesal projection on 3rd thoracic segment and subdorsal ones on 2nd abdominal segment very pronounced. Dark brown line separating dorsal darker area from paler sub- spiracular area which is criss-crossed by faint brown lines as is the thoracic zone. Caudal projections longer, still straight. Grows to 30 mm in 8 days.
Fourth instar larva (Fig. 7). Head and horns covered by small tubercles, pro- ducing a coarse aspect; lateral projections more noticeable. Body color darker, mostly over supraspiracular and dorsal areas, darker slanting lines. Appearance of tiny, bright blue spots along spiracular zone, around mesal prominence on 3rd thoracic segment and on longer, slightly crooked tails. Grows to 48 mm in 13 days.
Fifth instar larva (Figs. 8, 9). Head and horns much rougher, lateral projections quite noticeable. Body color brown on thoracic segments and subspiracularly on
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Figs. 7-11. Archaeoprepona demophon centralis. 7, Fourth instar larva crawling, about 45 mm long; 8, fifth instar larva recently moulted, about 50 mm long; 9 detail of head of fifth instar larva; 10, prepupa in typical resting position, about 72 mm long; 11, prepupa ready to pupate, notice placement of tails.
9
abdominal segments. Dark brown triangle dorsally covering area limited by 3 very prominent projections on 3rd thoracic and 2nd abdominal segments. Dorsa of remaining segments from spiracular line to meson, paler brown with darker brown slanting bands. Tails dark brown with yellow spots, very long and crooked. Profusion of tiny, bright blue spots on tails, along spiracular line and around thoracic prominence. Prolegs very thick. Grows to 70-80 mm in 18 days.
Prepupa (Figs. 10, 11). Drastic color change. Head and body green, darker on head, thoracic prominence and along spiracular line from 6th—9th abdominal seg- ments. Blue spots still visible.
Pupa (Figs. 12-14). Bluish-green with scattered whitish, irregular spots; head bifid with points yellowish. Spiracula light brown surrounded by white ovals. Prior to adult emergence becomes very dark gray, some adult colors visible through cuticle. Lateral view: ventral profile only slightly convex; dorsal profile widens gradually from green cremaster to 5th abdominal segment, then the 4th forms a distinct hump, then narorws gradually to bifid head. Dorsal and ventral aspect: lateral profile widens smoothly from cremaster to wingcases, at thoracic level, then
26 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Figs. 12-18. Archaeoprepona demophon centralis. 12, Pupa, ventral aspect, about 12 mm long; 13, pupa, lateral aspect; 14, pupa, dorsal aspect; 15-18, sequence show- ing emergence of adult male.
narrows abruptly to head. Measurements: 42 mm long, 18 mm laterally, and 20 mm dorso-ventrally at widest points.
Adult (Figs. 19-22). Males and females shaped similarly. Forewing with faintly convex costal margin forming a rounded apex, concave outer margin to rounded tornus, straight inner margin. Hindwing with convex costal margin, strong humeral lobe, rounded outer angle continuing with rounded outer margin to
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 27
* * £5 Ries % #
Figs. 19-22. Archaeoprepona demophon centralis. 19, Adult male, dorsal view, wingspan about 82 mm; 20, adult female, dorsal view, wingspan about 103 mm; 21, adult male, ventral view; 22, adult female, ventral view.
rounded anal angle, rounded inner margin with a fold. Dorsal ground color of forewing dull black in males, dark brown in females, with a greenish-blue iridescent isosceles triangle from median area of wing with base on mid-inner margin; 2 small subapical, bluish spots. Hindwing with small basal, black triangle and _ broad, greenish-blue iridescent band from mid-costal margin ending in a point near inner margin, close to anal angle; this band with definite pale blue tinge along basal border. Inner fold and thin border along ccstal margin, pale gray. Males with black brush of hairs near base of hindwing. Ventrally, dominant color pale brown with complicated pattern of darker brown areas and thin black lines; along outer margin of hindwing a row of small “eyes” with light blue pupils. Antennae and eyes black, proboscis orange. Dorsal and ventral surfaces of body concolorous with corresponding wing surfaces. Wing span 80 mm in males, up to 105 mm in females. Total developmental time for this species 85 days.
NATURAL HISTORY
The females of Archaeoprepona demophon centralis deposit their eggs singly on the lower surfaces of the mature leaves of a shrub determined by Dr. D. Burch to be at least very close to Malpighia glabra L. (Mal- pighiaceae). The pure white egg is quite visible against the dark green
leaf.
JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
i) (©)
The newly hatched larva completely consumes the eggshell, leaving only the shiny base on the leaf, and stays for one day without further feeding. It then moves to the tip of the leaf and nibbles around the central vein, baring it and affixing to it small, frass pellets woven with silk until the vein is prolonged beyond the leaf limits. Pieces of leaf tissue hung from short lengths of silk are added to the resultant perch. This is used as a resting perch during the day where the small larva is very inconspicuous among the dried bits of leaf. It is abandoned by the larva only momentarily to feed at dawn or dusk. First, second and third instar larvae use a perch. If the leaf is consumed during this period, another perch is made on a second leaf, and in some cases, a third. From the fourth through fifth instars, the larva wanders about the plant, but usually stays motionless during the day resting on a twig, head and tail hanging at the sides, giving the dorsal anterior part of the body a rep- tilian appearance (i.e., head of small snake or lizard) with the promi- nences on the second abdominal segment resembling the eyes and the mesal prominence on the third thoracic segment, the snout. The effect is enhanced by the crawl of the larva which imitates an inquiring snake head. The mesal prominence on the third thoracic segment is retractile; when touched it almost disappears.
The prepupal larva becomes green and very inconspicuous, blending with the green foliage. At this time, the larva wanders for two days searching for a suitable pupation site which may be on the same food- plant. Once the site has been chosen, usually a twig, the larva weaves a silk pad girdling the twig, reinforcing the twig’s attachment to the shrub. The anal prolegs are then applied to the pad, the tails are positioned on either side of the twig, and the larva hangs incurved ven- trally with its head almost touching the anal prolegs. It hangs thus for two additional days.
The pupa is also very cryptic due to its green color which matches the foliage. It is very passive, but when roughly handled it reacts by swinging laterally and then returning to the vertical position. The pupal color changes to very dark gray shortly before the adult emerges. Some of the adult colors are actually visible through the pupal cuticle before emergence occurs.
The adult emerges rapidly and hangs from the smoky gray pupal cuticle while expanding its wings and ejecting the meconium (Figs. 15- 18). The adult is ready to fly in about 25 minutes.
The adults of A. demophon centralis, like most Charaxinae, are strong, swift fliers, producing an audible rustling noise at short distance. They usually keep to tree-tops and come to the ground only to feed on fer-
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 29
menting fruits (e.g., mangoes and guayabas) or vertebrate excrement. Both sexes are lured easily to baits of fermented banana. They also feed on sap oozing from tree wounds. The male exhibits a strong territorial behavior and perches on its chosen tree, chasing vigorously any tres- passing butterfly. The female flies at lower levels, mostly when ready to oviposit. We have observed A. demophon centralis most frequently around wooded coffee plantations from 600-1200 m elevation.
The foodplant, Malpighia glabra L. (?), is found most commonly in wooded ravines within the flight range of the adult. It is a small shrub with perennial, opposite, stipulate, ovate leaves and pinkish flowers with characteristic dentate petals arranged in cymes. The fruit is a red drupe when mature with up to 3 carpels.
It was observed that the eggs of A. demophon centralis are very often parasitized by Chalcididae wasps (Fig. 3), and the very young larvae are preyed upon by spiders.
Discussion
Species belonging to the genus Archaeoprepona, prior to its establish- ment by Fruhstorfer in 1916, were placed in the genus Prepona Boisduval (Hemming, 1967). The type species for Archaeoprepona was designated as demophon Linneaus. Le Moult (1932) chose to ignore Fruhstorfer’s genus and established the invalid synonym Pseudoprepona with demo- phon again as the type species. Some modern authors (e.g., Descimon, et al., 1973) consider Archaeoprepona to be a subgenus of Prepona.
Basic differences in the adults: black hair tufts on the hindwing of Archaeoprepona, against the honey-colored tufts of Prepona and the male genitalic differences and antennal colorations as noted by Fruhstorfer (1916) consistently correspond to morphological differences during the larval and pupal stages. The data pertaining to the immature stages are found in a number of sources. Included are the descriptions of the early stages made by Miller (1886) of Archaeoprepona amphimachus Fabri- cius, A. catachlora Staudinger, A. demophon extincta Staudinger (all un- der the generic name Prepona) and Prepona laertes Hiibner. Lichy’s (1933) description of the early stages of Prepona omphale guatemalensis Le Moult and that of P. omphale octavia Fruhstorfer by Muyshondt (1973a) also are important sources. In addition to the above life history of Archaeoprepona demophon centralis, another study that will soon be published on a yet, undetermined species of Archaeoprepona is taken into consideration.
All the descriptions of the mentioned Prepona species show that the two horns on the head are fused and appear as a single epicranial pro-
30 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
jection. The Archaeoprepona species have two distinct horns, one on each epicranial apex plus a shorter horn below and behind each large epi- cranial horn. The general habitus of the larvae of both groups is similar except Prepona species lack the median dorsal prominence on the third thoracic segment which is present in all known Archaeoprepona larvae. Prepona larvae do not show the drastic color change when entering the prepupal stage which we noticed in rearing Archaeoprepona demophon centralis and the undetermined A. sp. Miiller’s (1886) descriptions make no mention of prepupal color changes. The pupae of Prepona gradually are humped dorsally while Archaeoprepona species show a very pro- nounced hump on the fourth abdominal segment. Also the pupae of Prepona have orange, irregular spots; these are white in Archaeoprepona pupae.
All these differences favor the concept of two genera, but the many similarities, including behavioral patterns, indicate that both genera belong under the same immediate higher classification. On the same basis it also is very evident that these genera are closely related to the Zaretis-Siderone complex (Rydon, 1971; Muyshondt, 1973b and ms. in prep.). These facts seem to be in agreement with Rydon’s treatment of the Charaxidae (with family status) which, in addition to other sub- families that include Old World genera, separates the American genera into three subfamilies: Preponinae (Prepona, Archaeoprepona, Agrias, Anaeomorpha and Noreppa), Zaretidinae (Coenophlebia, Zaretis and Siderone) and Anaeinae (Fountainea, Hypna, Anaea, Polygrapha, Con- sul, Cymatogramma and Memphis) with Zaretidinae being the link be- tween Preponinae and Anaeinae.
Some authors have tried to prove close phylogenetic relations between the Charaxinae and other groups, e.g., Limenitinae (Reuter, 1896; Miiller, 1886). According to Fruhstorfer (1924), Hahnel thought there was an affinity between Prepona and the Apaturinae. If the consensus is fol- lowed that the more reliable morphological characters to determine phylogenetic relationships are those which resist, to a greater degree, changes induced by selection, and these are the characters of the early stages (Brower, et al., 1963), it appears that neither the Limenitinae nor the Apaturinae show much in common with the Charaxinae, nor with any other group of the Nymphalidae. Rydon (1971) may be right in assign- ing family status, as other authors have also done, to the Charaxinae. The smooth, spherical eggs (flattened base and micropylar area or not), the spineless (Dornenlossen of Miiller [1886]) larvae and the peculiar pupae of this group have nothing in common with either the very sculp- tured (pineapple-like) eggs, the odd-looking, spine-covered larvae or the
VoLuME 30, NuMBER 1 31
pupae with characteristic projections of the Limenitinae. In a series of future articles observations on the local Adelpha (Limenitinae) will emphasize this point. The spherically ribbed eggs and the flattened pupae of the Apaturinae do not have much in common with the Charaxinae either. It is true that the Charaxinae show some behavioral similarities with other nymphalids (e.g., the making of resting perches during the larval stage, adult feeding of fermenting fruit, etc.), but this might very well be the result of selective forces producing independently convergent successful strategies in species otherwise distantly related as is the case in many color similarities between species forming Mullerian mimicry complexes.
It frequently happens that during the larval stage of a given species (e.g., Morpho peleides Kollar, Dione moneta Hiibner, various Apatura spp. and Smyrna blomfildia [Fabricius] in particular), or during the pupal stage (e.g., Opsiphanes tamarindi Felder, O. cassina Felder, Zaretis itys [Cramer], and Anaea eurypyle [C. & R. Felder] ), there are very noticeable differences in coloration even though during the early stages there should be less chance for diversification. There are also dif- ferences of this sort in the adults of the same species, even coming from the same brood. We once obtained three adult males of Morpho peleides hyacinthus Butler, with four “eyes” on the ventral side of the forewing while another 18 specimens, males and females, only had three as is common. All 21 specimens were from eggs deposited by the same female on the same date in our insectary. They were fed their normal foodplants and were kept under identical conditions until adult emergence. Le Moult’s (1932) opinion was that species of Prepona and Archaeoprepona are less variable than their near relatives, the Agrias, and have stable external characteristics. According to Dr. Descimon (pers. comm.), the numerous new species and subspecies that Le Moult named on the basis of external characteristics has caused great confusion. Vane-Wright (1974) thought many of Le Moult’s taxonomic conclusions were unsound because he “split” many previously accepted species on little evidence.
Much “lumping” and “splitting” has been done in the past without having enough data to form sound conclusions. It is important that more investigations on the early stages of the neotropical Rhopalocera be conducted so that systematists can use the results to establish a more accurate scheme of classification.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. A. B. Klots for encouraging us to publish the results of our studies and to Dr. G. L. Godfrey for read-
32 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
ing, criticising and suggesting improvements for our article. We espe- cially thank Dr. A. H. B. Rydon and Dr. H. Descimon, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, for supplying us with a wealth of reference material and Dr. L. D. Miller for sending Vane-Wright’s publication on Prepona. Special mention is due to my children: Orlando, who first found the larva of the species reported in this study; Marilynn, who first saw the ovi- positing female; and the youngest member of the team, Pierre, who obtained many other eggs and carefully fed the larvae during their long developmental time.
LITERATURE CITED
Brower, L. P., J. Vz. Brower, & C. T. Cortins. 1963. Experimental studies of mimicry. 7. Relative palatability and Miullerian mimicry among neotropical butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae. Zoologica (New York) 48: 65-84.
Descimon, H., J. M. bE Matcut, & J. R. StorFEL. 1973. Contribution a l’étude des Nymphalides neotropicales. Description de trois nouveaux Prepona mexicains. Alexanor 8: 155-159.
FruustorFer, H. 1924. Genus Prepona Byd., p. 550-566. In A. Seitz (ed.), The macrolepidoptera of the world. Vol. 5. Stuttgart.
Hemminc, F. 1967. The generic names of the butterflies and their type-species. (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entomology. Suppl. 9. 509 p.
Le Mou tt, E. 1932. Etudes sur les Prepona. Nov. Entomol., fasc. 2.
Licny, R. 1933. Observations biologiques sur les différents états de Prepona omphale s/sp. guatemalensis Le Moult. (Lép., Nymph.). Nov. Entomol., fasc. 3.
Mutter, W. 1886. Sidamerikanische Nymphalidenraupen. Versuch eines natiir- lichen Systems der Nymphliden. Zool. Jahrb. Zeitschr. Syst., Geogr., Biol. der Thiere 1: 417-678.
Muysuonpt, A. 1973a. Notes on the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El] Salvador. I. Prepona omphale octavia (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 27: 210-219.
. 1973b. Notes on the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El Salvador. II. Anaea (Zaretis) itys. (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 27: 294-302.
Reuter, E. 1896. Uber die Palpen der Rhopalocera. Helsingfors.
Rypon, A. H. B. 1971. The systematics of the Charaxidae (Lepidoptera: Nympha- loidea). Ent. Rec. J. Var. 83: 219-233, 283-287, 310-316, 336-341, 384-388.
VaNE-Wricut, R. I. 1974. Eugene Le Moult’s Prepona types (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidea, Charaxinae). Bull. Allyn Mus. 21: 1-10.
VoLUME 30, NUMBER | 33
NEW CATOCALA OF NORTH AMERICA (NOCTUIDAE)
A. E. BROWER 8 Hospital Street, Augusta, Maine 04330
All but one of these species fall in our two most difficult groups of the small Catocala—the crataegi group in the East and the andromache group in the West, though when we really know the early stages of all species, further division may be indicated. I have spent a great amount of time and work mounting specimens, preparing genitalia and studying these genitalia to arrive at only indefinite characters based on structure on which to separate the species. The adults vary throughout their range and in some local areas noticeably different specimens occur. The great need is for adequate material of eggs, larvae and pupae of all species to be available for comparison, and in the adults, a series from many scattered places in its range. Larval descriptions in the crataegi group are tenuous or non-existent, and nothing seems to have been pub- lished on the early stages of any of the andromache group, except cheli- donia Grote. With probably the greatest series in existence of these species and closely related ones before me, I believe all of the following proposed species warrant the title new species, when a series is closely studied. For many years specimens of the andromache group have been sought by two experienced workers, J. W. Johnson and Erich Walter, and several females of each of several species have been confined for eggs, without securing an egg. The series of specimens have been possible only through the generous help of collectors and the institution named in connection with types. Unless otherwise stated all types remain in the author's collection at present.
Catocala texarkana Brower new species (Fig. 1)
The forewing is of a light uniform gray, somewhat darker basally, and along the inner margin, the basal area in the fold toward the transverse anterior line with definite ribbing. The median area from costa to inner margin or to fold is conspicu- ously whitish, with a segment of a median line to the reniform usually present, and some darker shading between the reniform and transverse posterior line. The lines are narrow, brownish black, with a few short teeth or rounded bows; the _ basal half-line is faint with an outward angle and a rounded bow to its end; the t.a. line is heavy black, with additional black shading basally, of short zig-zags to the fold, thence toothed inward and then somewhat outwardly bowed to inner margin; the t.p. line is fine, scarcely toothed except for the short two large teeth, thence an inward arc to the blacker horizontal segment in the fold, thence bowed outward to the inner margin; and subreniform usually separate, irregular, small; the grayer reniform rather small, upright, set out by an irregular, conspicuous white border:
34 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
beyond the t.p. line a variable brown band is present, followed by a faint white subterminal line; a terminal line of shallow crescents; from the large teeth of the t.p. a dark dash to below the apex. The hindwing is orangish yellow; the outer band moderate, leaving a small yellowish to orangish apex, and is usually broken before anal end, swollen toward the upper end and again in the M:Cu area; this bends and extends to the base of the wing. Beneath, the hindwing repeats the upperside, except paler; the forewing is as usual. The species texarkana is most readily separated from other species of the crataegi group, when, with its form bridwelli, it is compared with them in series. I name this form bridwelli (Fig. 2) after L. H. Bridwell who reared from Crataegus many specimens of both forms. The type 6 of bridwelli, Forestburg, Texas, 1200 ft., 13 May 1939. In addition 32 specimens have been set aside as this form. It is characterized by a much blacker basal area including a heavy black t.a. line, some becoming browner and grayer toward the base. The types have the lighter gray median area continued to the inner margin, but many of this form have the inner margin darker, in an extension of the basal area.
Holotype. ¢, Forestburg, Texas, 1200 ft., 10-12 May, 1940, L. H. Bridwell, probably reared from larvae beaten from Crataegus.
Allotype. @ ditto, 13 May, 1939, reared from Crataegus.
Paratypes. 40 ¢ and 42 9; Forestburg, Texas, 12 ¢, 15 9, May 1939, mostly reared; Forestburg, May 1940, 28 ¢ and 25 9; Lincoln Co., Arkansas, May 3 and 4, 1938, 29; all L. H. Bridwell. From other localities I have the following: a ¢ labelled “Texas”, W. N. Tallant collection; a 2 College Station, Texas, April 19, 1929; a ¢ Churchill Bridge, Brazoria Co., Texas, 3-V-1968 (A. and M. E. Blanchard); all three too poor to include in the types. The Blanchard’s showed me the Churchill Bridge collecting locality when I visited Houston.
Expanse (part reared) of a series of each: ¢ 41 mm.; 2 43 mm.
Catocala lincolnana Brower new species (Fig. 3)
Lincolnana is a simply marked species, brownish gray on basal, apical, and anal areas, and along inner margin beyond transverse anterior line; the remainder light gray with some brown. The basal half-line is evident, the transverse anterior line is heavy, black, of short zig-zags, nearly straight and oblique to the inner margin; the reniform, a small upright oval, fringed with white; the subreniform irregular, rather large, and separate; the transverse posterior line is fine, shortly toothed, largely transverse to the fold, when a long inward segment carries it to near the t.a. line. The subterminal line of lighter short hastae is evident, the terminal line of short bars scarcely evident. The hindwing above is as usual in the Crataegus-feeders, with a larger orangey apical area, a large oval black spot before the anal angle; the median band a bit narrow and extending to the base; this pattern repeated below on the hind wing and the usual pattern beneath on the forewing.
Expanse: ¢ 47 mm.
Holotype. ¢, Lincoln Co., Arkansas, 1 June 1937, L. H. Bridwell. Type in
author’s collection.
Catocala johnsoniana Brower new species (Fig. 6) The ground color of the forewings is ashy gray with prominent black lines. Beyond the transverse anterior line, from the costa a darker oblique shade passes across the reniform and on to the transverse posterior line above the subreniform;
VotumMeE 30, NuMBER 1 35
Figs. 1-6. Catocala species. 1, Catocala texarkana, Forestburg, Texas, 10-12 May 1940, ¢, holotype; 2, C. texarkana form bridwelli, Forestburg, Texas, 13 May 1939, §; 3, C. lincolnana, Lincoln Co., Ark., 1 June 1937, ¢, holotype; 4, C. erichi, Green Valley Creek, San Bermardino Mts., Calif., ex ovum, 19 May 1966, ¢, holotype; 5, C. californiensis, Valyermo, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 27 June 1957, 3. holotype; 6, C. johnsonana, Kernville, Kem Co., Calif., 17 June 1965, ¢, holotype.
beyond and above the reniform a less defined paler blotch extends to the t.p. line. The basal half-line is black and transverse; the t.a. line is heavy and black, nearly straight to Cus, then curved and tapered to A:, thence obliquely outward to inner margin. The basal dash is present. The t.p. line extends outward on R, then barely toothed to most outward point, thence with three short acute teeth to the loop forming the small pale subreniform (open, closed, or disconnected), thence strongly curved to A:, and nearly direct to the inner margin. The subterminal line is whiter gray, the terminal line of connected crescents. The fringes are gray. The medium-sized inconspicuous reniform is commonly darker-centered and out- lined by paler scales. The hindwing above is orangish yellow, the outer black band well developed with an apical patch of ground color, usually a small spot broken off before the anal angle; median black band narrowed, with an outward bulge on R and a second one Mz to Cuz, little tapered, usually but little turned inward and ending bluntly. Beneath, the forewing is pale yellow with the usual dark and light areas; the hind wing orangish yellow; the outer black band medium
36 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
width, with small apical area of ground color, usually unbroken. The median band rather narrow, oblique, nearly even, until Mz, when set out more than width of band, soon narrowed, the very end of the terminal portion turned toward inner margin, and ending abruptly.
Expanse: ¢ 49.5 mm.; 9 52 mm.
Holotype. ¢, Kernville, Kern Co., Calif., 17 June 1965 (Erich Walter).
Allotype. ¢@, Kern River Canyon, Kern Co., Calif., 29 May, 1954 (Wm. A. Rees).
Paratypes. 5 &, 1 @: Kern Canyon, Kern Co., Calif., elevation 2800 ft., 29 May, 1954 ¢ (C. A. Hill); Kernville, Kern Co., Calif., 2500 ft., 16 June 1965 4, 21 June 1965 2 ¢ (Erich Walter); 18 June 1966 ¢ (J. W. Johnson and E. Walter); Hughes Lake, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 23 June 1971 2. Holotypes and paratypes collection A. E. Brower. Allotype and part of paratypes returned to Natural History Museum, Los Angeles.
Catocala californiensis Brower new species (Fig. 5)
The ground color of the forewings is ashy gray, varying from light to brownish gray, with a broad lighter band from costa beyond the transverse anterior line to the subreniform, and including a still whiter gray subreniform; with a black shade from mid-costa over reniform to strongly inbowed transverse posterior line, which has short stout teeth on M; and M2 with a short tooth inward on the fold. The lines are heavy black, especially the transverse anterior line, which is nearly straight to the fold; the t.a. set out by a paler gray basal edging, the t.p. less so by an outer paler line; the basal half-line black, somewhat jagged; the basal dash absent; a more or less evident subterminal band of lighter sagittate marks; the terminal black scalloped band is usually continuous; the fringes gray. The hind- wing above has the inner black band narrow, nearly straight, swollen outward from Ms to Cur, then greatly attenuated and sharply angled inward toward the inner margin; the outer band of moderate width, usually broken before anal end, and with a yellow patch before apex. Beneath, both wings are much paler, the forewing with the usual pattern, and the hind wing a duplication of the upper side.
Expanse: ¢ 46 mm.; 2 47.5 mm.
Holotype. ¢, Ranch two and one half miles south-southwest of Valyermo, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 4800 ft., 27 June 1957 (Noel McFarland). ©
Allotype. 92, Pinyon Flats, Santa Rosa Mts., Calif., 10 July, 1967, ultra-violet light, (J. W. Johnson and Erich Walter).
Paratypes. 10 ¢, 11 9: near Acton, Mint Canyon, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 3 June 1950 g (Chas. A. Hill); Tujunga, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 26 June 1940 9 (C. Henne); ranch two and one half miles south-southwest of Valyermo, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 4800 ft., 26 June 1957, 3 ¢, 3 9, and 1 July 1964 @ at black light (Noel McFarland); nine miles southeast of Pearblossom, Los Angeles Co., Calif., 27 June 1947 g (Noel McFarland); Pinyon Flats, Calif. [Santa Rosa Mts.], 5 July 1970 6, 16 July 1967 ? (the last two J. W. Johnson handwriting ); Pinyon Flats, Santa Rosa Mts., Calif., 4000 ft., 3 July 1970 6, 10 July 1967-2 6,1 9, 11 July 1967 1 ¢,3 Q, ultra-violet light, 16 July 1969 6, 18 July 1968 2 ?, ultra-violet light (J. W. Johnson and Erich Walter )
Catocala erichi Brower new species (Fig. 4)
The forewings are black, tinged with brown, apearing more or less overscaled with somewhat smaller white scales with a bluish sheen, best developed in the median area. Basal half-line of black inner, and white outer lines; transverse anterior line, strongly zig-zag of white inner and black outer portions, appearing black on
VoLuME 30, NuMBER | 37
both sides; before and somewhat below the reniform is a striking white patch, and another in the median area between the inward bulge of the transverse posterior line and the subterminal line; the apical area is brownish black, and from it to the outer angle the margin is variably gray and white; the reniform is rather large, upright, irregular, vague, partially outlined with black and may be more so outside with white; the subreniform is usually separate, lighter with brownish overshading; the transverse posterior line is short-toothed, largely transverse, black inside, white outside; the subterminal line, of short broad white chevrons, is prominent; the terminal line is of short bars or shallow crescents; terminal dark crescents form a more or less continuous line at the base of the fringe. On some the black obscures all except the two white patches and the subterminal line. The hind- wings are deep red with strong black bands, with white to pink margined apices; the median black band more or less abruptly ending or greatly contracted with the narrowed end turned upward, with long black hair near base of wing. Beneath, on forewing the wings are much paler with the bands as usual, and on _ hind- wing a paler reproduction of the upper side. During separated years broods of this species were reared from eggs and with caught specimens form an unusually similar series of specimens, well separated from francisca Hy. Edwards, and from the more northern complex of mariana, Hy. Edwards, edwardsi Kusnezov and, eldo- radensis Beutenmiiller. Larvae of erichi (named for the chief collector), two broods, lost in the last instar the dark brown patch on the abdominal hump, while larvae of francisca kept their patch.
Expanse (nearly all reared); ¢ 66 mm.; 2 68 mm.
Holotype. ¢, emerged 19 May 1966, reared by J. W. Johnson, ova Green Valley Creek, San Bernardino Mts., Calif., 7000 ft., Aug. 1965 (E. Walter).
Allotype. @, San Bernardino Mts., Calif., 7000 ft., reared by J. W. Johnson, emerged May 1971, ova by E. Walter summer of 1970.
Paratypes. 11 ¢, 8 @: Green Valley Creek, San Bemardino Mts., Calif., 7000 ft., ova from female August 1965 by Erich Walter, reared by J. W. Johnson and Erich Walter, adults emerged May 18 until June 21, 1966, 4 6, 3 @. Of a second lot of ova, summer of 1970, by Erich Walter, reared by both Johnson and Walter in 1971, 4 ¢, 3 2 emerged late June to July 27; Hathaway Creek, near Barton Flats, San Bernardino Mts., Calif., 2 August 1940 ¢ (C. Henne); Camp O-ongo, near Running Springs, San Bernardino Mts., Calif., 28-31 August 1967 @ (C. L. Hogue). Types at present in my collection, paratypes returned to Natural History Museum, Los Angeles, J. W. Johnson and Erich Walter.
38 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
A CHECKLIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF GRANT COUNTY, NEW MEXICO AND VICINITY?
CiirForD D. FERRIS” College of Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
Little has been published on the butterflies of New Mexico, although the type localities for several species lie in the northern and western portions of the state. Early collecting by H. Skinner and J. Woodgate and later collecting by A. B. Klots forms the basis for much of what we know about its butterfly fauna. Collecting in recent years by D. Cowper, R. Holland and M. E. Toliver has expanded our knowledge. Williams (1914), Hubbard (1965), Toliver (1971) and Holland (1974) have published papers which treat limited geographic areas within New Mexico.
Since 1965, the author has collected actively in the southwestern por- tion of the state, primarily in Grant County, with some additional collect- ing in Catron, northern Hidalgo, Luna and western Sierra counties. The area so defined comprises a fairly uniform faunistic region. Although records are available from the Peloncillo Mts. in Hidalgo Co., they are not included as another faunistic region is involved. Hubbard’s paper lists butterflies from the Pinos Altos Mts. which lie in Grant Co. His list of 52 species, which excludes the Hesperioidea, represents only a part of the 157 confirmed species in the current study. A checklist of the presently known species appears in a subsequent section of this paper.
Localities
Most of the collecting was in various areas of the Gila National Forest, on several ranches and with scattered collecting in the desert areas south and southwest of Silver City. The primary forest collecting sites in- clude: the Burro Mts. south of Silver City; the Black Range east of Silver City; Cherry Creek Canyon (Pinos Altos Mts.), Signal Peak and Lake Roberts north of Silver City; and the Mogollon Mts., especially the Willow Creek area, in Catron Co. Sonoran desert localities include: along the Gila River, especially in the vicinity of Red Rock; along State Road 90 between Lordsburg and Silver City; vicinity of Faywood Hot Springs and City of Rocks State Park; and Hachita.
| Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Article no. JA 713. ; * Research Associate, Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida; Museum Associate, Los
Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, Calif.
VoLUME 30, NuMBER Il 39
Vegetation types of the region are quite varied. Collecting sites in the Mogollon Mts. are generally open Canadian Zone meadows associ- ated with live streams, usually a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws. ) and willow (Salix sp.) association containing a variety of grasses, herbs and shrubs. The Black Range and sites north of Silver City are generally Transition Zone associations with ponderosa pine, pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem.), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. glauca [Mayr] Sudw.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) at the higher elevations, and at lower elevations a variety of deciduous trees and shrubs including Acer, Alnus, Celtis, Cercocarpus, Crataegus, Prunus, Populus sp. (cottonwood), Rhus, Salix and Platanus wrightii S. Wats. Grasses and herbs abound, especially near permanent water. Canadian Zone vegetation occurs at higher elevations, especially on Signal Peak 9000’. The Burros Mts. are covered primarily with pinyon pine, alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana Steud.) and Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi Torr.); several other species of oak are also present. Acacia greggii Gray, Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet. and Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. occur at lower elevations. Principal vegetation types in the desert areas include grasses, Acacia, Agave, Chilopsis, Prosopis, Yucca and various cacti. Cottonwood, hackberry (Celtis sp.) and other deciduous trees are associated with riparian areas, and outcroppings of oak are common.
Annual rainfall in the Silver City area averages 0.406 meters. The principal moisture occurs in the months January—March, July—October, with the heaviest precipitation during the summer months. July is usually the wettest month and May the driest. The mean temperature is 12.67°C with average highs and lows of 28.55°C and -4.83°C respec- tively.
Specific collecting sites with alphabetic codes are given below. In several cases where only one or two records are from a locality, no code is used and the localities are clearly shown on the maps (Figs. 1 & 2). Either the code letters or the locality name appears on the maps.
CATRON COUNTY. Whitewater Creek and Catwalk area near Glenwood 4800’ (CA); Datil ca. 7000’ (D); Gila Cliff Dwellings and EE Canyon 5600-6100’ (EE); Frisco Hot Springs 4500’ (FS); Glenwood 4700’ (G@); Gila Wilderness Area (varying elevations) (GW); Gilita Creek 7800-8000’ (GK); Little Creek and Gila River Junction 5750 (LC); Luna 7000’ (LN); Mogollon 6600’ (M); Pleasanton 4600’ (P); Pie Town ca. 8100’ (PT); Quemado Lake 7200’ (QL); Reserve ca. 5800’ (R); Silver Creek, crossing at State Road 78 8560’ (SK); SS Basin T10S, RI5W, S21 7600’ (SS); Willow Creek (camp area) 1800’ (WC).
GRANT COUNTY. Ancheta Canyon 5800-6400’ (AC); Ash Spring Canyon 6700-6900’ (ASC); Bayard 5880’ (B); Black Canyon Camp 7000’ (BC); Bill Evans Lake 4700’ (BE): Burro Mountains (Homestead Road and USFS 851) ca. 6650’ (BM); Bear Mountain 6500-7000’ and Bear Mtn. Ranch 6250’ (BR);
40 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Cliff 4500’ (C); Copperas Canyon 6000-7400’ (CC); Cherry Creek Canyon and McMillen Canyon 6700-7300’ (CCC); Cottonwood Canyon 6300’ (CN); Dry Gallinas Canyon 6800’ (DGC); East Canyon, Black Range 7400’ (EC); USFS 152, Black Range (varying elevations) (F); Ft. Bayard, E. of Silver City 6000- 6200’ (FB); Faywood Hot Springs 5000’ and City of Rocks State Park 5200’ (FH); Fierro 6600’ (FI); Gallinas Canyon area, Black Range 6800-7000’ (GC); Gold Gultch 5800-5900’ (GG); Gila River near Gila 4250’ (GR); East Fork of Gila River ca. 6000’ (GRE); Hachita 4100’ (H); Hachita Mountains 4800-6000’ (HM); Iron Creek Camp, Black Range 7100’ (IC); Kneeling Nun Vista, Black Range 6990’ (KN); Kwilleylekia Ruins 4550’ (KR); Lower Gallinas Canyon 6400-6800’ (LGC); Lake Roberts 6000’ (LR); L-S Mesa, north of Silver City, USFS 853 6200-6500’ (LS); Little Walnut Creek 6600’ (LW); Mule Creek area, Jupe Means Ranch 5800-6300’ (MC); Mill Creek Canyon 6800-7100’ (MI); Mogollon Creek 4640’ (MK); Moon Ranch 5200’ and Buckhorn 4800’ (MR); Pinos Altos 7000’ (PA); Pine Cienega 6500’ (PC); Ricolite Canyon near Red Rock 4200’ (RC); Red Rock 4000’ (RR); Sherman 5600’ (S); SA Canyon, Gila Wilderness Area 6800-7400’ (SA); Silver City 5900-6100’ (SC); Sapillo Creek 5800-6200’ (SE); San Lorenzo 5800’ (SL); Skate’s Canyon 6600’ (SN); Soldier Canyon 6300’ (SO); Signal Peak 8000-9000’ (SP); State Road 90, milepost xx between Silver City and Lords- burg (SR-xx); Santa Rita 6500’ (ST); Tyrone 5700-5800’ (T); Thunderbird Camp (1 mi. N) 6500’ (TC); Upper Gallinas Canyon 7000’ (UGC); Vanadium 5950’ (V); White Signal (vicinity) 6000’ (WS).
HIDALGO COUNTY. Animas 4300’ (A); Animas Valley 4700-5100’ (north- south) (AN); Deming ca. 3000’ (DM); Lordsburg (vicinity) 4240’ (L).
LUNA COUNTY. Columbus (vicinity ) 4000’ (CO).
SIERRA COUNTY. Emory Pass area 8200’ (EP); Kingston 6250’ (K).
Checklist
In the list of species which follows, the counties and localities are noted as well as the months in which specimens have been taken. Additional comments are appended when applicable. Excepting the Hesperioidea, the order of families generally follows that proposed by Ehrlich & Ehrlich (1961). Subfamilies are not designated (Hesperioidea excepted) and genera are listed alphabetically according to recent revisionary work. Relative abundance is not noted, as this is strongly seasonal ( year-to- year variation) and is affected by climatic conditions. Single specimen records are noted. Several collectors have kindly supplied records which are so designated: (HA) Bruce Harris, (H) Richard Holland, (R) Kilian Roever, (T) Michael Toliver, (Z) Dale A. Zimmerman. William Baltosser provided the Gila Wilderness records (GW).
MEGATHYMIDAE
Agathymus aryxna (Dyar). Grant Co.: HM; CCC, WS (Z); T (R, T). Hidalgo Co.: AN (T). July, immatures in Agave palmeri Engelm.; salle in October. Agathymus neumoegeni (Edwards). Catron Co.: M (R). Grant Co.: PA; CCC ies (R). August—-October, immatures in Agave parryi Engelm.; adults a ctoper. Megathymus coloradensis navajo Skinner. Catron Co.: GW; D, M, Pi RGRoe Grant Co.: UGC; 7 mi. N of SC (Z); CG IG MG, ST, Ts Ws (R). Aoaleye
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1]
ARIZONA
Road
County Line sta Nat! Forest Boundary ee Ruiverr
Fig. 1. Collecting sites in Catron Co., New Mexico.
HESPERIDAE-PYRGINAE
4]
CATRON
Miles -#—_____++—_____ O /O 20
Autochton cellus (Boisduval & LeConte). Catron Co.: EE (Z) Grant Co. CCC,
SP. July.
Celotes nessus (Edwards). Catron Co.: CA (Z). Grant Co.; RR. May. Cogia caicus moschus (Edwards). Catron Co.: G. April. One specimen.
42 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
C. hippalus hippalus (Edwards). Hidalgo Co.: AN (T). August.
Epargyreus clarus huachuca (Dixon). Catron Co.; GW Grant Co.: CCC, EC, IC; SC (Z). May-July.
Erynnis brizo burgessi (Skinner). Grant Co.: ASC, CCC, EC, F, FB, IC, LS, LW. March—May, July.
E. funeralis (Scudder & Burgess). Grant Co.: BM, CCC, F, MC, SP, SR-26. April— May, August-September.
E. icelus (Scudder & Burgess). Catron Co.: SK, WC and vicinity (R). June.
E. meridanus meridanus Bell. Catron Co.: G, W of M. Grant Co.: FB, MC. April, August.
E. pacuvius pacuvius (Lintner). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, LW, PA. March, May—June, August.
E. (persius) fredericki H. A. Freeman. Catron Co.: G, LN. Grant Co.: CCC, MC, SA, UGC. March—May, August.
E. telemachus Burns. Catron Co.: G, GW Grant Co.: ASC, BM, BR, CCC, EC, F, GC, IC, LGC, LW, SP. March—June.
E. tristus tatius (Edwards). Catron Co.: G, GW. Grant Co.: BM, MC. July— August.
Pholisora catullus (Fabricius). Catron Co.: G. Grant Co.: B, FH, T. August.
Pyrgus communis complex. P. c. communis and P. c. albescens are synchronic and sympatric in some areas. They are widespread in all life zones and are found wherever members of the Malvaceae grow. Males may be positively identified by their genitalia. Only partial records are listed below.
P. c. albescens Plotz. Catron Co.: G, LC, P, WC. Grant Co.: AC, BC, BM, CCC, MC, SL, SO, TC, WC. June—October.
P. c. communis (Grote). Catron Co.: WC. Grant Co.: EC, IC, LS, MC, UGC. May-June, August, October.
P. scriptura (Boisduval). Catron Co.: G. March. This species is bivoltine in many areas. I have not yet found the summer brood in Catron/Grant Co.
P. xanthus Edwards. Catron Co.: 3 m. E of M (H); WC area (R). April, June.
Staphylos ceos (Edwards). Catron Co.: G. Grant Co.: GR, RR. Hidalgo Co.: AN (T). April-May, July—August.
Thorybes pylades (Scudder). Grant Co.: AC, BM, CCC, F, LS, MC, TC. Sierra Co.: EP. May—August.
Timochares ruptifasciatus (Plétz). Grant Co.: LW (Z). One specimen on 20-ix-63.
Zestusa dorus (Edwards). Grant Co.: CCC, EC, IC. April-May.
HESPERUDAE-HESPERIINAE
Amblyscirtes aenus ssp. Catron Co.: CA (R). Grant Co.: CC: CCC, GR, Mimbres Canyon (Mimbres River) (R). May-July. The southwestern race of A. aenus, which probably represents an undescribed subspecies, is easily confused with A. cassus. Both occur in Grant and Catron Co. They are genitalic distinct entities. In aenus, the uncus has two distinct processes on each side and the valva is relatively blunt with the distal end straight up; in cassus, the uncus has one distinct and finely tapered process on each side with only a suggestion of the second process, and the distal end of the valva is quite pointed and somewhat recurved. The ventral surface of the forewings exhibits considerably more orange-fulvous color in cassus than in aenus. The dorsal surface spots in cassus are entirely orange-fulvous while they are cream to barely fulvous in aenus.
A. cassus Edwards. Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CC, CCC, SP, UGG win August.
A. eos (Edwards). Grant Co.: LS, MC. August.
VoLuME 30, NuMBER | 43
CATRON
=o) yo}|0004
x
\
- WC... SNe Pleasanton \3.
SIERRA
e Cook's Pk. 8408
ARIZONA
Reeiebirg =
Columbus
MEXICO
Fig. 2. Collecting sites in Grant Co. and surrounding areas, New Mexico
. Note: Fig. 2 is to the same scale and uses the same legends as Fig. 1. A. exoteria ( Herrich-Schaffer ). Catron Co.: GW Grant Co.: ASC. July. A. nereus (Edwards). Grant Co.: CCC, GRE, (R). July—August. A. oslari (Skinner). Catron Co.: CA (R). Grant Co.: MC (R). May—June. A. phylace (Edwards). Grant Co.: TC. July. A.
simius Edwards. Grant Co.: LS, MC, SR-26, TC. July—August.
44 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Atalopedes campestris (Boisduval). Grant Co.: IC. May.
Atrytonopsis deva (Edwards). Catron Co.: G. Grant Co.: CC, CCC. April-June.
A. lunus (Edwards). Grant Co.: LS. August.
A. pittacus (Edwards). Catron Co.: G. Grant Co.: BR, CCC. March—June.
A. python (Edwards). Grant Co.: CC; SC (Z). June.
A. vierecki (Skinner). Grant Co.: BM, CCC, GG, LS, MC; SC (Z). May—June.
Copaeodes aurantica (Hewitson). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: BE, BM, CN, MC, PC, RR; C, SC, T (Z). April—October.
Euphyes vestris vestris (Boisduval). Catron Co.: EE. Grant Co.: CCC. June-July. The correct subspecific name to apply to Rocky Mountain vestris is in doubt. Coastal California vestris are larger and lighter in color than inland western vestris.
Hesperia harpalus susanae Miller. Catron Co.: GW, WC. July—August.
H. pahaska pahaska Leussler. Catron Co.: FS. Grant Co.: BM, LS, MR, SE, SP, V. May-June, September—October. Specimens from SW Hidalgo Co. are referable to H. p. williamsi Lindsay. Grant Co. specimens seem to be nominate pahaska.
H. uncas uncas Edwards. Grant Co.: AC, LS, MC, MR, SC, SR-26. July—Septem- ber. Intergrading with H. u. lasus (Edwards) occurs.
H. viridis (Edwards). Catron Co.: WC Grant Co.: BR, CC. June-August.
H. woodgatei (Williams). Catron Co.: FS. Grant Co.: MR, TC. July, September-— October.
Oarisma edwardsii (Barnes). Grant Co.: DGC. August.
O. garita (Reakirt). Catron Co.: WC and vicinity, LN (R). June-July.
Ochlodes snowi (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW, WC. July—August.
Piruna pirus (Edwards). Catron Co.: SK (R). Grant Co.: GR (R). June.
P. polingii (Barnes). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, IC. Early July, August. Possibly bivoltine.
Poanes taxiles taxiles (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW, LC, SK. Grant Co.: CCC, DGC, LGC, IC, SP. Sierra Co.: EP. July-August.
Polites themistocles (Latreille). Catron Co.: LN, GK (R). June-July.
Stinga morrisom (Edwards). Grant Co.: LGC. April.
Yvretta carus (Edwards). Grant Co.: MC. August.
Two species have been collected in the Peloncillo Mountains which may occur elsewhere in Hidalgo Co. or in Grant Co.: Amblyscirtes texanae Bell; Hesperia pahaska williamsi Lindsay (T). Hylephila phyleus (Drury) ought to be common in gardens in the Silver City area, but I know of only one record of a specimen ex- tracted from a car radiator on 30-viii-64 (HA). The vehicle was reported to have come from the Gila Wilderness Area, which means that the specimen came from northern Grant or southern Catron Co. In August, 1970, I saw a large pyrgine- like skipper nectaring at desert willow along the banks of the Gila River south of Red Rock, Grant Co. Because of its position, it was not possible to net it. It exhibited large white hyaline spots on the forewings and appeared to be one of the following: Polygonus leo arizonensis (Skinner), Codatractus arizonensis ( Skin- ner), Pyrrhopyge araxes arizonae (Godman & Salvin). The latter was quite common at the time in southern Arizona. P. 1. arizonensis has been taken in the vicinity of Alamagordo, Otero Co. (H).
PAPILIONIDAE
Battus philenor philenor (Linnaeus). Catron Co.: GW, P. Grant Co.: FH, MC, SC, SO, RR. June-September. I have sighted numerous adults flying across desert roads in many areas of Grant Co.
Papilio bairdii bairdii Kdwards. Catron Co.: G. A single female of typical Cali-
VoLuME 30, NUMBER 1 45
fornia bairdii phenotype, 8—vi-66. Hubbard lists a questionable record from the Pinos Altos Mtns., Grant Co. See comments under P. polyxenes.
P. cresphontes cresphontes Cramer. Grant Co.: BM, CCC, SC, WS vicinity (Z). Tune—August.
P. multicaudata (Peale MS.) Kirby. Catron Co.: GW, SK; G (Z). Grant Co.: CCC, EC, IC, LGC, LS, SP; BM, RR (Z). Grant-Hidalgo Co. line on State Road 90. March, May—August.
P. polyxenes complex. Possibly all polyxenes-like specimens from the area should be referred to this species. Three specimens have been taken which in facies resemble P. rudkini clarki Chermock & Chermock, based upon comparison with paratypes of clarki. These are from Grant Co.: LR, 11—viii-68, a fresh male; RR, 3—vi-73, two females.
P. polyxenes asterius Stoll. Grant Co.: H, LR, LGC, LS; SC, SP (Z). May, August. The subspecific name asterius has been applied, but specimens from Grant Co. are rather different from eastern asterius.
P. rutulus arizonensis Edwards. Catron Co.: G, GW. Grant Co.: CCC, EC, SP. May-—June.
PIERIDAE
Appias drusilla poeyi (Butler). Grant Co.: SC (Z). One specimen on 24-vi-71. Anthocharis sara inghami Cunder. Catron Co.: CA, G, GW, LC. Grant Co.: ASC, CCG, GR, LGC, LW, RR, UGG; C, SC (Z). March-April.
Colias alexandra ssp. Catron Co.: GW, SK, WC. June, August. See discussion of this subspecies in Ferris (1973).
C. eurytheme Boisduval. Catron Co.: G, GW, LC, P, SK, WC. Grant Co.: BM, CCC, H, IC, LS, MC, RR, SP. Hidalgo Co.: L; 20 mi. S of H (Z). March— September.
C. philodice eriphyle Edwards. Grant Co.: C, GR, SC (Z). April, September, November. Es
Colias (Zerene) cesonia (Stoll). Catron Co.: GW, LC. Grant Co.: AC, MK, SC; 5 mi. S of C, 8 mi. W of SC (Z); CCC, IC (T). March, June—November.
Euchloe hyantis lotta (Beutenmiiller). Grant Co.; CCC, GR, SP. March, May.
Eurema mexicana (Boisduval). Grant Co.: BR, CCC, CN, FB, LGC, SC, SP. Hidalgo Co.: L. April—October.
E. nicippe (Cramer). Catron Co.: G, P. Grant Co.: CCC, FH, H, LGC, MC, RR, SR-26. Hidalgo Co.: L. March-September. Common and widespread. Nathalis iole Boisduval. Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: B, BM, CCC, IC, LGC, LS;
6 mi. E of SC (Z). April—September.
Neophasia menapia menapia (Felder & Felder). Catron Co.: GW; WC (Z). Grant Co.: CCC, SP; PA (Z). July. Associated with ponderosa pine.
Phoebis agarithe agarithe (Boisduval). Catron Co.: P. Single female on 22-viii-71.
P. sennae eubule (Linnaeus). Catron Co.: G, GW, P. Grant Co.: C, FH, LS, RR, SC, ST. Hidalgo Co.: L. August-September.
P. sennae marcellina (Cramer). Grant Co.: A, AN, UGC; BM (Z); CCC, IC (T). Luna Co.: CO. April, August-September.
Pieris napi mogollon Burdick. Catron Co.: GW, SK, WC. May, August.
P. protodice protodice (Boisduval & LeConte). Catron Co.: GW, LC, WC. Grant oie COC ECVE. EB. 1G: sLS 2MC. PC; RR, SP: EW;.T,, SG (4). Hidalgo Co.: L. Luna Co.: 20 mi. S of DM (Z). March-April, form vernalis Edwards; June—September.
P. rapae (Linnaeus). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: B; SC (Z). March-April, June, October.
P. sisymbrii elivata (Barnes & Benjamin). Catron Co.: CA. Grant Co.: CCC, EC, F, GC, GR, IC, LW, UGC; SC (Z). March—May.
46 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
RIODINIDAE
Apodemia mormo nr. mejicanus (Behr). Catron Co.: CA (Z). Grant Co.: BE, BM, LS: CCC, SC (Z). Hidalgo Co.: SR-11. May-June, August.
A. nais (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, MI, PA. June-July.
A. palmerii palmerii (Edwards). Catron Co.: FS. Grant Co.: GR, RR. Hidalgo Co.: L. Luna Co.: DM. June, August-September.
Calephelis nemesis nemesis (Edwards). Grant Co.: RR. Single fresh male on 18- vi-72.
Emesis zela cleis (Edwards). Catron Co.: CA, GW. May.
LYCAENIDAE
Atlides halesus halesus (Cramer). Grant Co.: AC, BM, BR, S, SR-26; 9 mi. S of C, SC (Z). Luna Co.: Cook’s Peak summit (Z). March-April, August— September.
Brephidium exilis exilis (Boisduval). Grant Co.: FH, KR, RR, SP, T; MK, SC (Z). June—October.
Callophrys (Callophrys) apama apama (Edwards). Grant Co.: CCC. June-July.
Callophrys (Incisalia) augustinus annetteae (dos Passos). Grant Co.: LGC, LS; SC (Z). April-June.
C. eryphon eryphon (Boisduval). Catron Co.: LN, SK, WC (R). Grant Co.: IC (R). May-June.
Callophrys (Mitoura) siva siva (Edwards). Catron Co.: EE, GW. Grant Co.: BM, CC, CCC, FB, FI, GC, LS; SC (Z). April-July.
C. spinetorum (Hewitson). Catron Co.: GW, WC. Grant Co.: CCC, F, IC; SP (Z). May-June.
Celastrina argiolus cinerea (Edwards). Catron Co.: G, GW, SK, WC. Grant Co.: BM, CCC, IC, PC, RR, SN, SP; SC (Z). March—October.
Erora quaderna sanfordi dos Passos. Grant Co.: BR, CCC, LGC. February—May.
Euristrymon ontario ilavia (Beutenmiiller). Grant Co.: BM, MC. May-June.
Everes amyntula herri (Grinnell). Catron Co.: EE, GW, SK. Grant Co.: CCC, EC, F, IC, SP; SC (Z). Hidalgo Co.: AN. April-May, August.
Glaucopsyche lygdamus arizonensis McDunnough. Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, F, SP. April—May.
Hemiargus ceraunus gyas (Edwards). Catron Co.; EE, G. Grant Co.: AC, SR-26. Hidalgo Co.: L. June—August.
H. isola alce (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW, LC. Grant Co.: AC, BC, BM, CCC, EC, FH, LS, MC, RR, SC, SE, T. Hidalgo Co.: L. Sierra Co.: EP. April— December.
Hypaurotis crysalus (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW; CA (Z). Grant Co.: SP. July, September.
Leptotes marina ( Reakirt). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: BM, FH, IC, RR, SR-20; CCC, SC (Z). Hidalgo Co.: L. April-September. A widely distributed species.
Lycaeides melissa nr. pseudosamuelis Nabokov. Catron Co.: GW, LC, LN. Grant Co.: LR, SA. August-September. Specimens are phenotypic pseudosamuelis.
Lycaena arota schellbachi Tilden. Catron Co.: SK. August.
Ministrymon ines (Edwards). Grant Co.: BM. One female on 24—v-75.
M. leda (Edwards). Grant Co.: BM, RR; CCC (Z). May-June.
Phacostrymon alcestis oslari (Dyar). Grant Co.: SR—20. July.
Plebejus (Icaricia) acmon texanus Goodpasture. Catron Co.: G, GW, LC, WC. Grant Co.: AC, BM, CCC, F, FH, GC, IC, LS, MC, PC, SN, SP, SR=26.5¢; SC (Z). Hidalgo Co.: L. Sierra Co.: EP. April—October.
P. icarioides buchholzi dos Passos. Grant Co.: CCEeSP itme:
Plebejus (Plebejus) saepiolus nr. gertschi dos Passos. Catron Co.: SK, WC and vicinity (R). June.
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 |
Shijimiaeoides battoides centralis (Barnes & McDunnough). Grant Co.: LGC. One fresh male on 8—viii-75. Genitalia checked to verify species. See Shields (1974) for generic discussion.
S. rita rita (Barnes & McDunnough). Grant Co.: AC, BM, SC, SR-26, T. Hidalgo Co.: AN, SR-13 (T). August.
Strymon melinus franki Field. Catron Ce.: GW, LN. Grant Co.: BC, BM, CCC, F, GR, MC, RR, SC, SE, SN, T. Hidalgo Co.: L. April—October.
LIBYTHEIDAE
Libytheana bachmanii ssp. Catron Co.: FS. Grant Co.: FH, GR, MK, RR; SC (Z). March, August-September, November. In a series of specimens from this region, individuals can be assigned to both bachmanii (Kirtland) and _ larvata (Strecker).
NYMPHALIDAE
Agraulis vanillae incarnata (Riley). Grant Co.: SC. July-August. Scarce.
Anaea andria andria Scudder. Catron Co.: EE, G. Grant Co.: BM, CCC, GR, RR, SR-26; MK, SC, 6 mi. W of SC, T (Z). Grant-Hidalgo Co. line along State Road 90. March—April, August-September.
Asterocampa celtis montis (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: FH, GR. Sierra Co.: K. June, August-September.
Chlosyne gabbii sabina (Wright). Catron Co.: G. Grant Co.: CCC, IC, LGC, SA; SC (Z). March—May, July.
C. lacinia crocale (Edwards). Catron Co.: G, GW. Grant Co.: B, BR, CCC, FB, FH, GR, KR, MC; SC, WS (Z). Hidalgo Co.: L. Sierra Co.: K. April, June, August-September. All specimens are referred to crocale, although individuals may be selected from a large series which are phenotypic adjutrix Scudder, nigrescens (Cockerell) and rufescens (Cockerell). This region probably forms a blend-zone for the Texas adjutrix and the Arizona White Mtns. crocale.
C. nycteis drusius (Edwards). Catron Co.: SK. June.
Cynthia annabella Field. Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, V; SC, T (Z). August—October.
C. cardui (Linnaeus). Catron Co.: WC. Grant Co.: BM, CCC, F, LS, MC, SC, WS; 5 mi. S of C (Z). Hidalgo Co.: AN (T). March—September.
C. virginiensis (Drury). Catron Co.: GW, SK. Grant Co.: BM, CCC, F, IC, LR, SP; SC (Z). Hidalgo Co.: AN (T). April-June, August—October.
Danaus gilippus strigosus (Bates). Catron Co.: G, GW. Grant Co.: CCC, FH, GR, MC, RR; 5 mi. S of C, SC (Z). Hidalgo Co.: L. May—September.
D. plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus). Catron Co.: GW, LC. Grant Co.: C, FB, BEE MGs SC; R26, S: BM. lOvmi Sof C,.5 mi W of SG, LT CZ). June— September.
Dymasia dymas dymas (Edwards). Grant Co.: RR. May-June, September.
Euphydryas anicia alena Barnes & Benjamin. Catron Co.: CA. Grant Co.: 5-6 mi. NW of SC (Z). March—April.
Euptoieta claudia (Cramer). Catron Co.: GW, P, SK, WC. Grant Co.: AC, BM, Beco He. it KH. LS MC RRO SP. I: SC (7%). Hidalgo Co.:A. April October. Widespread and common in all life zones.
Limenitis archippus obsoleta Edwards. Grant Co.: C (Z). Hidalgo Co.: L. July- September.
L. astyanax arizonensis Edwards. Catron Co.: GW, LC, SK. Grant Co.: CCC, LGC, MI; SC (Z). June—-September, November.
L. weidemeyerii angustifascia Perkins & Perkins. Catron Co.: GW, Sk, WC. Grant Co.: BC, CCC, IC, LGC; C (Z). June-August.
48 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Limenitis (Adelpha) bredowii eulalia (Doubleday). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, LS, MI, SC; 6 mi. SW of T (Z). May—September, November.
Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus). Catron Co.: GW, WC. Grant Co.: B, BM, CCC, LGC; SC (Z). April—-September.
N. californica californica (Boisduval). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC; SP (Z). March, June—July, October.
N. milberti furcillata (Say). Catron Co.: GW, WC. August.
Phyciodes campestris camillus Edwards. Catron Co.: G, GW, LC, WC. Grant Co.: H. Hidalgo Co.: L. August-September.
P. mylitta arizonensis Bauer. Catron Co.: LN, SK. Grant Co.: BM, C, CCC, DGC, SA, UGC. Sierra Co.: EP. March-September. See Howe (1975) for nomencla- ture.
P. picta picta Edwards. Catron Co.: G, LC, LN. Grant Co.: H, SA. Hidalgo Co.: L. May, August-September.
P. tharos (Drury). Catron Co.: G. Grant Co.: C, GR, KR. August-September. Several distinct forms are commonly collected, including distincta Bauer. Phyciodes (Anthanassa) texana texana (Edwards). Grant Co.:; CCC, RR. May-—
June.
Poladryas minuta arachne (Edwards). Catron Co.: WC. Grant Co.: CCC, IC, SP. June-August. See Scott (1974) for nomenclature.
Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius). Grant Co.: SC. One specimen on 3-xi-62; 6 mi. S of C. One specimen on 10-x-63 (Z).
P. satyrus (Edwards). Catron Co.: WC. Grant Co.: CCC, IC, SP; SC (Z). May— August.
P. zephyrus (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW, SK, WC. Grant Co.: SP (Z). One specimen on 30—vi-74; May, August in Catron Co.
Precis lavinia coenia (Hibner). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: BM, GR, KR, LGC; CCC, SC (Z). June-August, October. One male was taken at the Gila River locality on 10-viii-75 which is very close to nigrosuffusa (Barnes & McDun- nough ).
Speyeria atlantis nausicaa (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW, SK, WC. Grant Co.: CC, CCC, IC, SP. May—August.
S. nokomis nitocris (Edwards). Catron Co.: LC, WC. August-September.
Texola elada perse (Edwards). Grant Co.: BE, GR, RR. May-June, August.
Thessalia alma (Strecker). Catron Co.: GW, SS. Grant Co.: BM; 3 mi. N of WS (Z). June-July, September.
Thessalia theona thekla (Edwards). Grant Co.: BM, BR, CCG) “ECReSGawvs: Hidalgo Co.: AN (T). May—June, August, October.
Vanessa atalanta rubria (Fruhstorfer). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: F B: SG. (7): Hidalgo Co.: A. June—September.
SATYRIDAE
Cercyonis meadii ssp. Catron Co.: M (R) Grant Co.: MC (R). August. Intensive searching for this species during August, 1975 in both Catron and Grant Cos. failed to produce a single specimen.
Cercyonis oetus charon (Edwards). Catron Co.: GW, WC. July—August.
Cyllopsis pertepida dorothea (Nabokov). Grant Co.: BM, BR, FB) SNe e@ars: SC; CCC, 3 mi. N of WS (Z). Sierra Co.: EP. June—September. See Miller (1974) for nomenclature and additional comments.
Gyrocheilus patrobas tritonia (Edwards). Catron Co.: M (Z). Grant Co.: CCC, IB, UGC, Sierra Co.: EP. September—October.
Megisto rubricata cheneyorum (R. L. Chermock). Catron Co.: GW. Grant Co.: CCC, FB, LGC; SC (Z). June-August. See Miller (1976).
Neominois ridingsii ssp. Catron Co.: SS. One fresh male on 17—vi-72:
VoLuME 30, NuMBER | 49
Oeneis alberta daura (Strecker). Catron Co.: Crest Trail off State Road 78 (R). June.
Asterocampa leilia leilia (Edwards) and Eurema proterpia (Fabricius) have been taken in the Peloncillo Mountains and may stray into the Silver City area. On 23-viii-73, D. A. Zimmerman saw a specimen of Heliconius charitonius vasquezae Comstock & Brown at the north edge of the Western New Mexico University campus. The specimen was not captured, but Zimmerman is quite familiar with the species as he has collected it in Florida and the Neotropics.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank Michael E. Toliver and Richard Holland, both of Albuquerque, New Mexico, for providing records and comment- ing critically concerning the first draft of this paper. Bruce Harris, Clear Lake, South Dakota, Kilian Roever, Phoenix, Arizona, and Dr. Dale A. Zimmerman, Silver City, New Mexico kindly provided many additional records. Dr. John P. Hubbard, New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe and William Baltosser, Silver City, generously provided records from the latter’s collecting trips into the Gila Wilderness Area during 1975. Special thanks are due the author's cousin, Ralph A. Fisher, Jr., who lives in the Silver City area. He made a major contribution to the paper by collecting specimens over a ten-year period. Many of the early spring and late fall records are a result of his efforts. He also provided elevation data and other information used in the paper.
LITERATURE CITED
EuRuicH, P. R., & A. H. Exriicu. 1961. How to know the butterflies. W. C. Brown, Dubuque. 262 p. + vii.
Ferris, C. D. 1973. A revision of the Colias alexandra complex (Pieridae) aided by ultraviolet reflectance photography with designation of a new subspecies. J. Lepid. Soc. 27: 57-73.
Ho.uanp, R. 1974. Butterflies of six central New Mexico mountains, with notes on Callophrys (Sandia) macfarlandi (Lycaenidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 28: 38-52. Howe, W. H. (Eprror). 1975. The butterflies of North America. Doubleday &
Co., New York. 633 + xiii p., 97 plates.
Husparp, J. P. 1965. Some butterflies of the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico. J. Lepid. Soc. 19: 231-232.
Minter, L. D. 1974. Revision of the Euptychiini (Satyridae), 2. Cyllopsis R. Felder. Bull. Allyn Mus. Ent. No. 20. 98 p.
. 1976. Revision of the Euptychiini (Satyridae), 3. Megisto Hiibner. Bull. Allyn Mus. Ent. No. 33. 23 p.
Scott, J. A. 1974. Adult behavior and population biology of Poladryas minuta, and the relationship of the Texas and Colorado populations. Pan Pacif. Ent. 50: 9-22.
SHIELDS, O. 1974. Studies on North American Philotes (Lycaenidae). Bull. Allyn Mus. Ent. No. 19. 10 p.
Touriver, M. E. 1971. Preliminary notes on the butterflies of Roosevelt County, New Mexico. J. Lepid. Soc. 25: 213-214.
WituraMs, R. C., Jr. 1914. One hundred butterflies from the Jamez [sic] Moun- tains New Mexico (Lepid.), with notes and descriptions of a new species.
Ent. News 25: 263-268.
50 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF THREE GALL FORMING SPECIES OF EPIBLEMA (OLETHREUTIDAE)
WILLIAM E. MILLER
North Central Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, USDA, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.
Epiblema Hibn. in North America comprises 39 species, mostly named over a half century ago (Brown, 1973). Natural history information is available for fewer than 10 species and consists chiefly of host and para- site records. Studies of several species received impetus during 1920-50 because of their superficial resemblance to introduced lepidopterans and their role as alternate hosts of parasites. These interests are exemplified respectively by Thompson (1928) and Bobb (1942), the latter citing related literature. As far as known, Epiblema feed on Compositae; the late instar larvae bore in the stems. The three species treated in this paper produce rudimentary galls.
Besides reviewing taxonomy, this paper augments natural history knowledge of scudderianum (Clem.) and gives new information about desertanum (Zell.) and discretivanum (Heinr.). It reports hosts, maps geographic records, describes feeding patterns and galls, outlines seasonal life histories, and integrates the literature on the genus.
Taxonomy
The following review identifies the species treated. It is abbreviated to primary citations. I examined all types.
Epiblema scudderianum (Clemens) (Fig. 1)
Hedya scudderiana Clemens (1860, p. 358) (Type in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, illustrated by Miller (1973) ).
Euryptychia saligneana Clemens (1865, p. 141) (Possible type in British Museum (Natural History) (Miller, 1973) ). Paedisca affusana Zeller (1876, p. 307) (Lectotype designated here, “Zeller Coll. Walsingham Collection . . .; Paedisca affusana Z. Il, 307 fig. 38 Am. Sept. Rssl . . .; Type; B. M. 2 Genitalia slide No. 5738,” British Museum (Natural History), left forewing and distal part of right forewing missing, hindwing length 8.0 mm).
Epiblema desertanum (Zeller) (Fig. 2)
Paedisca desertana Zeller (1876, p. 306) (Lectotype designated here, “Dallas, Tex. Boll; Type 14338; Paedisca desertana Z.; . . . Lectotype des. W. E. Miller,” Museum of Comparative Zoology, 4, forewing length 8.0 mm).
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 Bik
an
Figs. 1-3. Wings of Epiblema. 1, scudderianum ¢, Ottawa Co., Michigan, fore- wing 8.0 mm; 2, desertanum 6, Ingham Co., Michigan, forewing 8.0 mm; 3, discre- tivanum 9, Chatham Co., Georgia, forewing 6.5 mm.
Epiblema discretivanum (Heinrich) (Fig. 3)
Eucosma discretivana Heinrich (1921, p. 823) (Type No. 23743, National Museum of Natural History ).
Forewing patterns of scudderianum (Fig. 1) and desertanum (Fig. 2) scarcely vary while that of discretivanum (Fig. 3) varies without regard to sex in degree of shading, particularly in basal and mid-dorsal areas. Size of adults is shown by the following forewing length ranges: scudderianum, 7.0-10.5 mm (136 examples not sexed); desertanum 7.0- §.5 mm (25); and discretivanum, 5.5-7.5 mm (37). Male genitalia are
illustrated by Heinrich (1923) and female genitalia and wings by Brown (O73
Hosts
Except as noted, host records refer to identified adults that developed naturally on the indicated plant species. Plant specimens were diagnosed or verified by E. C. Leonard, National Herbarium; J. H. Beaman, Michi- gan State University; and Harmon Runnels, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center.
Hosts of scudderianum in decreasing order of observation frequency were the Canada goldenrod complex, Solidago altissima L.-canadensis L.; tall goldenrod, S. gigantea Ait.; early blooming goldenrod, S. juncea Ait.; elm leaved goldenrod, S. ulmifolia Muhl.; and prairie goldenrod, S. nemoralis Ait. I reared moths from an unidentified host in Florida which was likely camphor weed, Heterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby, a host noted on museum specimens from Florida and Texas. I observed typical galls on Aster ericoides L. in northern Ohio but did not succeed in rearing adults.
I found desertanum only on the grass leaved goldenrod, Solidago
52 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY »
sraminifolia (.) Salisb. This goldenrod often occurred on the same sites as one or more of those above; both scudderianum and desertanum sometimes occurred at such sites. Epiblema discretivanum occurred mostly on groundsel-tree, Baccharis halimifolia L., but I reared adults also from narrow leaved groundsel, B. angustifolia Michx., and B. glomeruliflora Pers.
Geographic Distribution
Three types of locality records appear in Fig. 4: (1) where I reared adults that were subsequently identified, (2) where museum specimens that I verified were collected (museums included National Museum of Natural History, Canadian National Collection, and American Museum of Natural History), and (3) where I observed galls only. The map shows gall-only records where there were gaps in the first two types of records. Only one map symbol appears where two or more for the same species were close enough to overlap.
Records for scudderianum occur from Maine south to Florida and west to North Dakota and Texas. Those for desertanum occur through practically the same area while those for discretivanum are confined to the coastal plain from Georgia and Florida to Texas (Fig. 4).
Larval Feeding Pattern
Between hatching and entering stems, scudderianum larvae evidently fed at host tips. This was inferred from several series of observations typified by the following example. In mid-July, I examined 25 Solidago altissima-canadensis plants with incipient galls in a field in southern Michigan. The tip of every plant had been mined by a small insect no longer present. In the same field on the same date, I examined another 25 plants that had mined tips. Of this group, 16 had incipient scud- derianum galls; larvae on the remaining nine plants probably did not survive to start galls. Limited observations suggest similar pre-gall feed- ing by desertanum. I did not observe discretivanum for pre-gall feeding.
A total of 85 incipient scudderianum galls which I examined in June and July in Ohio, Maryland, and Michigan had one and usually two small openings between the gall chamber and outside. One Opening was gradually enlarged throughout the summer whereas the other usually was not. I assume the latter to be the passage by which the larva entered the stem. It was often located just above a leaf attachment. The en- larged opening served as a hatch through which the larva periodically ejected debris, mostly frass. The debris hatch was covered with silk when not in use. Some entry passages may have been converted to debris
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 53
100 200 300 mi
== ——— = 161 322 483 km
Fig. 4. Distribution of records for Epiblema scudderianum (circles), desertanum (squares), and discretivanum (triangles). Solid symbols signify reared adults; half open symbols, museum specimens; full-open, galls.
hatches. I observed ejection of debris from galls brought indoors; frass intercepted by leaves beneath galls is a common sight in the field. Kellicott (1878) also reported ejection of debris by scudderianum. Debris hatches were usually located in the lower half of scudderianum galls. After larvae became full-grown and ceased to feed and excrete, they permanently sealed debris hatches with a dark brown noncellular material probably of larval origin. Such plugs were closely fitted and when removed looked somewhat like train wheels.
Debris hatches and plugs occurred in desertanum and discretivanum galls but were located in the upper half of galls. No entry passages
54 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Fig. 5. Galls of Epiblema discretivanum on Baccharis halimifolia. Left, sectioned to show larval tunnel and moth exit. Right, intact.
Fig. 6. Upper stem of flowering Solidago altissima-canadensis. Left, normal plant. Right, branched plant infested by Epiblema scudderianum. Gall is visible near center of the segment of stem shown.
separate from debris hatches were identified in either species, the entry passages probably having been converted to debris hatches.
Apparently due to host reaction, scudderianum and desertanum galls occasionally ruptured, exposing the larval feeding chamber. Counts in Maryland in mid-July showed 7 of 25 scudderianum and 9 of 48 desert- anum galls in various stages of rupture. Several larvae were continuing their feeding in adjacent parts of the same stems.
Stem tunnels of larvae that pupated ranged in length as follows: scudderianum, 3.2-5.0 cm (16 observations); desertanum, 4.5-4.7 cm (2); and discretivanum, 2.1-3.3 cm (24).
Mature larvae excavated moth exit tunnels in the upper half of galls, leaving only a thin layer of plant tissue. They spun silken funnels that guided the emerging insect into the exit. Moth exits were completed by all three species before winter. The gall of discretivanum (Fig. 5) is similar in appearance and gross structure to the other two galls; that of scudderianum has been illustrated often and is shown together with desertanum galls by Miller (1963).
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 55
Infestation by scudderianum was often accompanied by branching of host plants late in the summer (Fig. 6).
Seasonal History
Scudderianum flew in May and June in northern localities. At a light near an old field in southern Michigan, I caught 30 moths between May 25 and June 21 during two years of observations. In northern Ohio during one year of observation, 6 moths emerged within the above dates from galls held in an outdoor insectary. In Maryland during one year of observation, 4 moths emerged between April 30 and May 12 from galls in an outdoor insectary. In studying galls of Gnorimoschema gallaesoli- daginis (Riley) (Miller, 1963), I obtained one moth of Epiblema scudderianum during the above periods.
I made one observation concerning the flight period of desertanum: on June 26 in Maryland, 13 galls had protruding empty pupal cases and two had live pupae. I made no comparable observations on discretiv- anum.
The earliest dates I observed incipient scudderianum galls were June 20 in Maryland and June 24 in northern Ohio; desertanum galls, July 19 in Maryland. All three species overwinter in galls as mature larvae.
The earliest dates I observed scudderianum pupae were April 11 in Maryland, May 7 in northern Ohio, and May 22 in southern Michigan; desertanum pupae, May 24 in southern Michigan.
DiscussION AND CONCLUSIONS
Type examination and fixation confirms and formalizes identities and synonymies of the three species. The synonyms were proposed by Fer- nald (1882) as well as Heinrich (1923); it is uncertain whether Fernald saw all types but certain that Heinrich did not. Adults of the three species are recognizable from forewing pattern despite the variability in discretivanum. Larvae of some Epiblema are characterized by MacKay (1959) and pupae of two are included in Mosher’s (1916) classification. Eggs of Epiblema strenuanum (Wlkr.) E. carolinanum (Wlshm.), and E. otiosanum (Clem.) are known (Peterson, 1965; Thompson, 1928; Decker, 1932).
Scudderianum, associated with four genera of hosts, has more known hosts than any North American Epiblema. It has often been reported from the Canada goldenrod complex. The five host species reported here, representing two genera, appear to be new records. Ellis (1925) listed Bidens frondosa as a frequent host, and two other genera observed once by him as hosts, referring to scudderianum as the bidens borer. One
56 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
wonders if he confused scudderianum with the true bidens borer, otio- sanum, but he stated correctly that his insect was univoltine whereas otio- sanum is multivoltine (Decker, 1932). Desertanum has only one known host in the North; its host or hosts in the South, where Solidago gramini- folia does not occur (Fermald, 1950), are unknown. Thus far, discreti- vanum is known only from the three species of Baccharis listed in this paper. Heinrich (1921) said it formed a gall on “wild myrtle” which Bottimer (1926) identified as B. halimifolia.
All three Epiblema studied appear confined to eastern North America. Distributions of scudderianum and discretivanum and their most frequent hosts closely coincide; the same is true for desertanum in the North. Discretivanum likely occurs in the West Indies and other Caribbean areas because its hosts are there (Small, 1933).
Riley (1883) stated that scudderianum, in one of several alternate feeding patterns, fed first on tips and later formed galls. Kellicott (1882) confirmed gall forming but not tip feeding. Riley mixed species and even genera of goldenrod-feeding olethreutids in his observations. Whether he observed true scudderianum tip feeding is uncertain. Pre- gall tip mining by scudderianum and desertanum may represent an early feeding mode characteristic of other olethreutid larvae (MacKay, 1963). Similar feeding has been reported in otiosanum (Decker, 1932), caro- linanum (Thompson, 1928) and tripartitanum (Zell.) (Bottimer, 1926).
Early debate abcut whether scudderianum induced gall formation arose in part by scudderianum moths apparently emerging from Gnori- moschema galls (Kellicott, 1882). Judd (1951) as well as I observed the same phenomenon. Old galls of these two gall makers can be confused. On the other hand, scudderianum larvae whose galls rupture might find their way into Gnorimoschema galls just as some otiosanum larvae wander to new sites before overwintering (Decker, 1932).
In contrast to linear stem boring, scudderianum, desertanum and dis- cretivanum concentrate their feeding within a short length of stem. Maximum stem swelling seems to be associated with the point of maxi- mum internal feeding. After scudderianum larvae form their chambers, cambial activity is greatly accelerated. Tissues internal to the cambium are grazed (Blum, 1953). Ejection of debris is essential where feeding is intensified in a small area. Branch proliferation due to scudderianum has counterparts in hosts of strenuanum (Crawford, 1933) and caro- linanum (Thompson, 1928).
North American Epiblema with known biologies overwinter as mature larvae. Scudderianum and desertanum are apparently univoltine in the North. In Ontario over several years, Brodie (1909) observed scudder-
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 BF
ianum moths flying between June 12 and July 1, two weeks later than I observed in southern Michigan. Moth flight, gall formation, and pupa- tion appear to be earlier in Maryland than in the Midwest.
Galls of all three species observed in this study persist for a year or longer after their makers leave and many are used as homes by other arthropods (Miller, 1966).
LITERATURE CITED
Bium, J. L. 1953. Vascular development in three common goldenrod galls. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 38: 23-34.
Boss, M. L. 1942. Parasites of the oriental fruit moth and of certain weed-infesting larvae. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 79. 23 p.
Borrmenr, L. J. 1926. Notes on some Lepidoptera from eastern Texas. J. Agr. Res. 33: 797-819.
Bropiz, W. 1909. Lepidopterous galls collected in the vicinity of Toronto—No. 2. Can. Ent. 41: 73-76.
Brown, R. S. 1973. Phylogenetic systematics: Its application to the genus Epiblema (Lepidoptera). M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Arkansas. 179 p.
CLEMENS, B. 1860. Contributions to American lepidopterology. No. 6. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1860: 345-362.
1865. North American micro-lepidoptera. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 5: 133-147.
Crawrorp, A. W. 1933. Glypta rufiscutellaris Cresson, an ichneumonid larval para- site of the oriental fruit moth. New York Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. Bull. 217. 29 p.
Decker, G. C. 1932. Biology of the bidens borer, Epiblema otiosana (Clemens ) (Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae). J. New York Ent. Soc. 40: 503-509.
Exuis, W. O. 1925. Some lepidopterous larvae resembling the European corn borer. WeeNerokes, o0: 117-192.
FERNALD, C. H. 1882. A synonymical catalog of the described Tortricidae of North America north of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 10: 1-64.
FERNALD, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York. 1632 p.
Hernricu, C. 1921. Some Lepidoptera likely to be confused with the pink bollworm. J. Agr. Res. 20: 807-836.
. 1923. Revision of the North American moths of the subfamily Eucosminae of the family Olethreutidae. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 123. 298 p.
Jupp, W. W. 1951. Hymenoptera and an inquiline moth reared from the goldenrod gall caused by Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Lepidoptera). Proc. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci. 22(4): 1-7.
Ketuicotr, D. S. 1878. <A new gall moth, and notes on larvae of other gall moths. Can. Ent. 10: 201-204.
. 1882. Is Paedisca scudderiana a gall-maker? Can. Ent. 14: 161-163.
MacKay, M. R. 1959. Larvae of the North American Olethreutidae (Lepidoptera ). Can. Ent. 91, Suppl. 10. 338 p.
1963. Evolution and adaptation of larval characters in the Tortricidae. Gan. Ent: 95: 1321-1344.
Mitter, W. E. 1963. The goldenrod gall moth Gnorimoschema_ gallaesolidaginis (Riley) and its parasites in Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 63: 65-75.
1966. Spiders in old insect galls on goldenrod. Ohio J. Sci. 66: 618-619.
Mirter, W. E. 1973. Clemens types of Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae ). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 99: 205-234.
58 JoURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Mosuer, E. 1916. A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa. Bull. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist. 12(2): 17-160.
Peterson, A. 1965. Some eggs of moths among the Olethreutidae and Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). Fla. Ent. 48: 1-8.
Ritey, C. V. 1883. Notes on Paedisca scudderiana. Amer. Nat. 17: 1069-1070.
SMALL, J. K. 1933. Manual of the southeastern flora. Published by the author, New York. 1554 p.
Tuompson, R. W. 1928. The golden-glow borer (Epiblema carolinana Walsingham ). Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ontario, 58, 1927, p. 73-75.
ZeLLER, P. C. 1876. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der nordamericanischen Nachtfalter, besonders der Microlepidopteren. III. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 25: 205-360.
A POSSIBLE SOURCE OF MORTALITY IN PAPILIO TROILUS (PAPILIONIDAE) POPULATIONS IN EASTERN TEXAS
While collecting Papilio troilus (L.) eggs in the vicinity of the Hardin town dump in Hardin Co., Texas, on 21 March 1972, several trails of leaf-cutter worker ants were observed carrying pieces of leaves to their nests presumably for culture medium for their fungal “gardens” (Creighton, 1950, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. 104: 325-329). These ants were kindly determined by Dr. Wm. L. Brown, Jr. to be Atta texana (Buckley). One of the small shrubs which was rapidly being defoliated of its succulent spring growth of leaves was Sassafras albidum (Nutt.), which was also the main plant species being utilized for oviposition by P. troilus. While looking at one particular sassafras plant I was able to rescue a troilus egg on an excised leaf section that was actually being carted off down the stem by an ant and three more eggs on leaves certainly destined for the same outcome. The probable fate would have been death, but the proximate source of mortality could have been any of several, including desiccation, predation by ants, or fungal attack of either eggs or larvae. These eggs and the resulting larvae were instead reared through to P. troilus adults on Sassafras albidum in Ithaca, New York. Specimens of P. troilus and Atta texana from these Hardin County populations have been deposited in The Cornell University Collection: Lot 1023, sublot 13b.
J. Mark Scriser, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 59
MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES ALONG THE GULF COAST OF NORTHERN FLORIDA
F, A. URQUHART AND N. R. URQUHART
Life Sciences, Scarborough College, University of Toronto, West Hill, Ontario, Canada MIC 1A7
For the past five years (1970-75) we have been making an intensive study of the Gulf Coast migrations of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus plexippus [L.]) with special reference to the main migration route along the coast of northern Florida. Most of our observations and alar tagging have been conducted in the vicinity of Apalachee Bay at St. Marks Lighthouse, Wakulla Beach, Shell Point, and Live Oak Point. Although the migrants pass through this area during the latter part of October, the peak period of abundance has been consistently between October 20-25. Prior to October 20 and after October 25, relatively few migrants were recorded, although stragglers continued to pass through the area as late as mid-January. On one or two days during this brief period, a peak movement occurs involving countless thousands of indi- viduals. The results of this study, as they pertain specifically to the monarch butterfly, will be presented at a later date.
In the present paper we report that along with the monarchs were three other species of migrating Lepidoptera, namely, Agraulis vanillae (L.), Urbanus proteus (L.) and Phoebis sennae eubule (L.). Each of these species occurred in great numbers during the migrating period, and, during the free-flight period (non-feeding) they all moved in a definite westerly direction, following the coastline.
The cloudless Sulphur, Phoebis sennae eubule, a well documented migratory species ( Williams, 1930, 1958), was observed migrating north- ward from the open ocean toward land at Live Oak Point. On reaching land, these migrants altered direction abruptly and followed a west direction. This band of migrants, extending 200’ across, flew in an end- less procession within a few centimeters of the water and, on land, close to the vegetation; only an occasional specimen moved toward the flower- ing goldenrod to feed. An average of 480 migrants per minute passed the observation point.
The gulf fritillary, Agraulis vanillae, has been reported as a migrant by many authors, as listed by Williams (1930, 1958). As this species moved along the coast, they fed upon the nectar of Baccharis halimifolia and Solidago puberula. An average of 32 specimens was recorded feeding upon the nectar of each of five B. halimifolia bushes, a plant that grows
60 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Figs. 1-4. Gulf Coast migrants. 1, Danaus p. plexippus; 2, Agraulis vanillae; 3, Phoebis sennae eubule; 4, Urbanus proteus. Many specimens collected were travel- worn, indicating long flights.
extensively along the sand dune area of the coast and flowers at the time of the peak migration. On being disturbed, these migrants con- tinued westward, following the coastline. The reports of flight direc- tions, as given by Williams and others for this species, are rather con- fusing since, depending upon the geographic location of the observation, flights might be recorded in every compass direction. This is due, in part, to the southerly flight of migrants, aberrant flights due to topo- graphical influences, motion toward flowering plants, and the presence of non-migrating nomadic breeding populations. We believe that the movement of these migrants is southerly, as mentioned by Harris (1972), but, like the monarch butterfly, has a westward direction on reaching the coastal area.
The long-tailed skipper, Urbanus proteus, has been reported by Scud- der (1889) as occurring in numbers, but with no record of flight direc- tions. Williams (1958) records sight observations of a migration to the north in the spring and to the south in the autumn in Florida, but the actual locality in Florida where the observations were made is not given.
VoLuME 30, NuMBER 1 61
Although general migration patterns for a given geographic area can be indicated by careful observations for a given geographic area, it is necessary to have accurately recorded observations for many localities to establish a definite flight path. The most definitive method is that of following a marked individual of a moving population by means of individual designations, as shown on the cover of Insektenmigrationem (Annual Report for 1974). In this manner release-recapture lines can be accurately plotted over long distances. For small species, such as Urbanus proteus, one must rely on observations, such as contained in the present paper, and reports from other, preferably widely distributed, localities.
LITERATURE CITED
Harris, L. H. 1972. Butterflies of Georgia. Univ. of Oklahoma Press. 326 p.
INSEKTENMIGRATIONEM. 1974. Germany (53 Bonn, Adenauerallee 150-164).
ScuppER, S. H. 1889. Butterflies of eastern U.S.A. and Canada with special refer- ence to the New England States. Cambridge, U.S.
WituraMs, C. B. 1930. The migration of butterflies. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. A473 p.
. 1958. Insect migration. Collins, London. 235 p.
OCCURRENCE OF LEPTOTES CASSIUS THEONUS (LYCAENIDAE) IN GEORGIA
On 29-30 September 1974, I collected 20 males and 6 females of Leptotes cassius theonus (Lucas) on Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Georgia. This species was not mentioned by Harris (1972, Butterflies of Georgia. University of Oklahoma Press ) and has apparently not heretofore been recorded from Georgia. All the specimens were taken from what appeared to be a well-established colony situated along a short stretch of dirt road just northwest of Priest Landing on the Wilmington River side of the island. Although it was quite abundant in this particular locality, L. c. theonus was nearly overlooked because of its superficial resemblance to Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus Hiibner, which was equally abundant. It appears likely that careful exploration of Georgia’s coastal islands will reveal the existence of additional L. c. theonus colonies.
Ricuarp T. Arsocast, 114 Monica Blvd., Savannah, Georgia 31406.
62 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
NEW HESPERIIDAE RECORDS FOR MEXICO
Hucu Avery FREEMAN 1605 Lewis Drive, Garland, Texas 75041
During the past year I have been making concentrated efforts to com- plete a study that I have been making on the Hesperiidae of Mexico. Through research conducted in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, collecting widely over Mexico and determining specimens for various museums and collectors I have found 12 new species and 33 new records of hesperiids from Mexico during that period of time. In this article I will deal only with the new records and in a separate article the new species.
PYRGINAE
Tarsoctenus praecia (Hewitson, 1857)
Type locality. Santarem, Brazil. Distribution. Lower Amazon River, Para, Brazil. There is a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History labelled, Mexico.
Drephalys dumeril (Uatreille, 1824)
Type locality. Uncertain.
Distribution. The British Museum contains specimens of this species from the following locations: Panama, Venezuela, Br. Guiana, Surinam, Fr. Guiana, Ecuador (La Chima) and Brazil (Bahia, Maranham, Joinville). I have seven males of this species in my collection from Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected during July, August, September and October, 1968-71, all obtained from E. C. Welling.
Drephalys oria Evans, 1952
Type locality. Honduras.
Distribution. There are two males and a female from Honduras in the British Museum. There is a male in the American Museum of Natural History from Rancho San Carlos, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected March 12, 1969 by Peter Hubbell, and there is a male in my collection with the same data.
Aguna aurunce (Hewitson, 1867)
Type locality. Amazons.
Distribution. The British Museum contains specimens of this species from the following locations: Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trini- dad, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Peru (Tarapote), Upper Amazons (Teffe, Itaituba,
Obidos ) and Para, Brazil. I have a male in my collection from Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, August 24, 1962, collected by E. C. Welling.
Zestusa staudingeri (Mabille, 1888 ) Type locality. Guatemala. Distribution. There are no specimens of this species in the British Museum or
VoLuUME 30, NuMBER | 63
American Museum of Natural History. I have 21 specimens in my collection from Rancho Belen, 20 km south of San Christobal, Chiapas, Mexico, collected during March by Robert Wind.
Ridens philia Evans, 1952
Type locality. Colombia, Cauca, Juntas: M. de Mathan: end 1897-8.
Distribution. Colombia (Cauca, R. Dagua). I have 21 males and three females in my collection from Sta. Rosa, Comitan, Chiapas and Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected by E. C. Welling and T. Escalante during March, August, Sep- tember and October, 1965-69.
Astraptes fulgor Hayward, 1938
Type locality. Argentina.
Distribution. The British Museum has one male with no locality data. I have in my collection two males and a female from Rancho San Carlos, Oaxaca, Mexico, August 1968. I have examined two males of this species from Campeche, Campeche, Mexico, November 15, 1967, collected by H. L. King.
Astraptes tucuti Williams, 1927
Type locality. Panama.
Distribution. Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Peru (Chanchamayo, Ucayali), Bolivia and Brazil. I have a male from Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, September 13, 1962, collected by E. C. Welling, and a male from Rancho Dos Amatos, Veracruz, Mexico, August 1969, collected by Peter Hubbell.
Astraptes samson Evans, 1952
Type locality. Colombia.
Distribution. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Ecuador (Paramba), Peru (Inambari, Huancabamba), Bolivia (Reyes) and Amazons (St. Paulo d’Olivenca to Para). There is a male in the American Museum of Natural History from Presidio, Veracruz, Mexico, Sep- tember 1940. I have two males in my collection from Muste, Chiapas, Mexico, August and September, 1968, collected by E. C. Welling.
Calliades zeutus (Moschler, 1878)
Type locality. Colombia.
Distribution. Panama, Br. Guiana, Upper Amazons (Iquitos) and Bolivia ( Buena- vista). There is a male in my collection and one in the collection of E. C. Welling from X-Can, Quintana Roo, Mexico, June 25, 1967, collected by E. C. Welling.
Thorybes albosuffusa Freeman, 1943
Type locality. Fort Davis, Texas.
Distribution. This species is found over the Big Bend section of Texas. I have a female from 1 mile south of Cedritos, Coahuila, Mexico, June 23, 1957, and there is a specimen in the American Museum of Natural History from Colima, Mexico.
Bungalotis erythus (Cramer, 1775)
Type locality. Surinam. Distribution. Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Fr. Guiana, Br. Guiana and Brazil
64 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
(Para, Maranham). I have examined a specimen from E. C. Welling that he collected at X-Can, Quintana Roo, Mexico, July 10, 1967.
Bungalotis astylos (Cramer, 1780)
Type locality. Surinam.
Distribution. Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Ecuador, Peru (Amazones, Carabaya, Chanchamayo, Rentema Falls), Upper Amazons (Ega) and Brazil (Para, Manaos, Matto Grosso, Rio, Petro- polis). There are two males in the American Museum of Natural History from Presi- dio, Veracruz, Mexico, July 1939 and July 1941 (C. C. Hoffman).
Dyscophellus ramon Evans, 1952
Type locality. Bugaba, Panama.
Distribution. Honduras, Panama and “Peru.” There is a female in the American Museum of Natural History from Presidio, Veracruz, Mexico, July 1941 (C. C. Hoffman ).
Nascus broteas (Cramer, 1780)
Type locality. Surinam.
Distribution. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Fr. Guiana, Ecuador (La Chima, Paramba), Peru (Amazons), Upper Amazons (Ega, St. Paulo d’Olivenca), Brazil (Para, Espirito Santo) and Paraguay. I have a specimen from Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, August 24, 1962, collected by E. C. Welling.
Gindanes brontinus Godman & Salvin, 1895
Type locality. Nicaragua. Distribution. Nicaragua. E. C. Welling collected two males of this species at Piste, Yucatan, Mexico, July. I have one specimen and he has the other.
Pythonides assecla Mabille, 1883
Type locality. “E. Brazil.”
Distribution. Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Upper Amazon, Peru (Chanchamayo, Tarapote). In material received from E. C. Welling for determination, there were three females of this species from Mexico, two from
Tenosique, Tabasco, August, and September 1962 and one from X-Can, Quintana Roo, July 2, 1965.
Ebrietas livius (Mabille, 1897) Type locality. Bolivia. Distribution. Ecuador (Loja, Rio Numbala), Peru (La Merced, Rio Tabaconas),
Bolivia (Yungas) and Bahia. There is a specimen in my collection from Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, September 17, 1962, collected by E. C. Welling.
Pyrgus oileus orcus (Stoll, 1780) Type locality. Surinam. Distribution. Common from Costa Rica to South America. There are three males of this apparent subspecies from Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico, August 21, 1949 (Ik. G. Smyth) in the Los Angeles County Museum.
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1] 65
HESPERINAE
Synapte puma Evans, 1955
Type locality. Balboa, Panama.
Distribution. Panama. I have in my collection 19 males and two females of this species from Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico, collected from March to October, 1968-69 (E. C. Welling).
Thargella caura (Plotz, 1882 )
Type locality. Surinam.
Distribution. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Trinidad, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Bolivia (Santa Cruz), Amazons (Nauta to Para) and Bahia. In specimens received for identification from E. C. Welling there was a male of this species from Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, August 12, 1962, in poor condition, and I have a female from Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico, May 1907 (C. C. Hoffman) which belongs to the American Museum of Natural History.
Lerema lumina ( Herrich-Schaffer, 1869 )
Type locality. Uncertain.
Distribution. Guatamala, Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia. I have three males of this species in my collection collected by Robert Wind at San Carlos, Chiapas, Mexico, July 2, 1969.
Onophas columbaria ( Herrich-Schaffer, 1870)
Type locality. Brazil.
Distribution. Panama, Colombia, Trinidad, Br. Guiana, Surinam, Fr. Guiana, Ecuador (La Chima, Paramba), Bolivia (Buenavista), Amazons (Teffe-Para) and Bahia. I examined a female specimen of this species collected by H. L. King at Kabah Ruins, Yucatan, Mexico, November 17, 1967.
Turesis theste Godman, 1901
Type locality. Costa Rica.
Distribution. Apparently very rare as the British Museum has only the type, and there are no specimens in the American Museum of Natural History. E. C. Welling sent me two males of this species for determination. He collected them at Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, August 17, 1962.
Vertica grandipuncta (Mabille, 1883)
Type locality. Para, Brazil.
Distribution. Br. Guiana, Ecuador (Ambato), Upper Amazons (Pebas, Tonantins, Santarem, Tapajos), Brazil (Para). I received two males of this species from E. C. Welling for determination. They were collected at Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, August 24 and 27, 1962.
Talides alternata Bell, 1941
Type locality. Santa Catharina.
Distribution. Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, Ecuador (Balzapamba), Peru (Chanchamayo, Chiriamayo), Para and Novo Friborgo. I have in my collection three males and two females of this species collected at
66 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico, during August and October, 1968-69, by E. C. Welling.
Telles arcalaus (Stoll, 1782 )
Type locality. Surinam.
Distribution. Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Peru (Rio Colorado) and Amazons (Para, St. Paulo d’Olivenca). There is a male specimen of this species in the American Museum of Natural History labelled “Ochls north Mexico,” with no other data.
Carystoides orbius Godman, 1901
Type locality. Nicaragua.
Distribution. Nicaragua, Trinidad, Br. Guiana, Fr. Guiana, Surinam, Ecuador (Canalos, Rio Bobonaza), Upper Amazons and Para. In specimens received from E. C. Welling there was a male of this species collected at Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico, September 4, 1962.
Mellana balsa freemani Steinhauser, 1974
Type locality. Santa Tecla, El Salvador.
Distribution. Santa Tecla, El Salvador, June, July and October. Sayaaxche, El Peten, Guatemala, August 10, 1963 (E. C. Welling). I have in my collection four males from Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico, July and August, 1969 and 1971 (E. C. Welling ).
Mellana tecla Steinhauser, 1974
Type locality. Santa Tecla, E] Salvador.
Distribution. Santa Tecla, Tamanique, E] Salvador. I have in my collection 18 males of this species from Muste, Chiapas, Mexico, July 1968 (E. C. Welling) and five males from Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca, Mexico, July and August, 1969 and 1971 (E. C. Welling).
Panoquina panoquinoides (Skinner, 1891)
Type locality. Florida. Distribution. Florida, Texas, Cayman Island, Tobago and Pernambuco. I have
a male and a female of this species in my collection from Progreso, Yucatan, Mexico, October 6, 1971 (E. C. Welling).
Xeniades pteras Godman, 1900 Type locality. Panama. Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (St. Marta) and Venezuela. I have
a male and female of this species in my collection from Muste, Chiapas, Mexico, collected October 22, 1968, by E. C. Welling.
Saliana hewitsoni Riley, 1926
Type locality. Upper Amazons.
Distribution. Panama, Colombia, Ecuador (Paramba, La Chima, Zamora), Peru (Moyabamba), Bolivia (Reyes, Buenavista) and Amazons (Nauta, Para). Dr. W. W. McGuire brought a female specimen of this species here for me to determine
VoLUME 30, NuMBER 1] 67
which he had received from Peter Hubbell. The specimen was collected at Cate- maco, Veracruz, Mexico, November 15, 1973 by Sr. Abraham Ramirez.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was made possible by a grant from the National Geo- graphic Society.
68 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
GENERAL NOTES
RANGE EXTENSIONS OF CALLOPHRYS FOTIS, C. POLIOS, COLIAS ALEXANDRA AND EREBIA CALLIAS (LYCAENIDAE, PIERIDAE AND SATYRIDAE)
Until 1971, Callophrys (Incisalia) fotis schryveri (Cross) was known only from Colorado and southern Wyoming (Ferris & Stanford, J. Lepid. Soc. 24: 256-266). In 1971 and 1972, it was collected in numbers by S. Kohler in the vicinity of Missoula, Missoula Co., Montana. Voucher specimens are deposited in the collection of S. Kohler and the author.
Ferris & Fisher (1973, J. Lepid. Soc. 27: 112-118) discussed the distribution of Callophrys (Incisalia) polios (Cook & Watson) in North America. At that time, polios was unknown from the Great Plains region. It was recorded from eastern Minnesota and Wisconsin, and northeastern Illinois. Eastern limits for the subspecies obscurus Ferris & Fisher included Missoula Co., Montana; the Black Hills, South Dakota; Albany Co., Wyoming; and south along the Colorado Front Range. In May 1973, T. McCabe collected C. polios obscurus in the Killdeer Mts., Dunn Co., North Dakota, a locality several hundred miles north and east of the nearest known locality of this subspecies. Voucher specimens are deposited in the collection of T. McCabe and the author.
In his revision of the Colias alexandra complex, Ferris (1973, J. Lepid. Soc. 27: 57-73) listed no records south of the United States-Mexico border. Colias alexandra harfordii H. Edwards has now been collected at several localities in Baja California (state) in the Sierra San Pedro Martir (Holland, 1972, J. Res. Lepid. 11: 147-160; H. Real, in litt.).
Since my paper on Erebia callias Edwards appeared (Ferris, 1974, J. Lepid. Soc. 28: 230-236), a number of new Colorado records for this insect have been sent to me by R. E. Stanford and D. Cowper from the following counties: Boulder, Gilpin, Gunnison, Ouray, Pitkin, Rio Grande and San Juan.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank the following for providing distribution records: D. Cowper, J. D. Eff, R. Holland, S. Kohler, T. L. McCabe, H. G. Real and R. E. Stanford.
This note is published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as Journal Article JA 722.
Cuirrorp D. Ferris, College of Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. (Research Associate, Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, Florida; Museum Associate, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California. )
AMBLYSCIRTES BELLI (HESPERIIDAE): A NEW RECORD FOR KENTUCKY
On July 26, 1969, between 1500 and 1600 I collected a single Amblyscirtes belli lreeman (@) that was resting on a leaf in a wooded area of Chickasaw Park in Louisville, Jefferson Co., Kentucky. Determination was tentatively made by C. V. Covell, Jr. of the University of Louisville and confirmed by Mr. H. A. Freeman of Garland, Texas. This species has not been reported for Kentucky (Covell, 1974, J. Lepid. Soc. 28: 253-256), the nearest known record being in Pope Co., Illinois (Irwin & Downey, 1973, Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Biol. Notes No. 81: 1-60).
Ricard A, Henperson, 2609 Welsford Way, Louisville, Kentucky 40222.
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 1 69
FACTORS AFFECTING THE OCCURRENCE OF MELANIS PIXE (RIODINIDAE) IN EXTREME SOUTHERN TEXAS
The lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas has a varied lepidopteran fauna including many neotropical forms that reach their northernmost points in this area. One of the least known of these is Melanis (= Lemnax = Lymnas) pixe pixe (Boisduval), Riodinidae. This medium-size butterfly (wingspan about 3.5 cm) has a velvet-black ground color with an apical yellow spot on each forewing. A single basal spot on each wing and six marginal spots on the hindwings are an intense scarlet color.
This species is neither illustrated nor mentioned in any of the standard American butterfly guides, i.e., Holland, Klots, Ehrlich & Ehrlich, or dos Passos. An illus- tration of M. gynaeceas Godm. & Salv., which may be an extreme version of M. pixe, may be found in Biologia-Centrali-Americana (Godman & Salvin, 1882: v. 38, pl. 110, fig. 3). Despite previous collections of this M. pixe in the Brownsville (Cameron Co., Texas) area (summarized below), the present report is believed to be the first published note on U.S. records of this species. The northernmost published record of this butterfly that I could find was in the state of Veracruz (Hoffman, 1940, Am. Inst. Biol. Mex. 11(2): 639~-739), at least 420 km south of Brownsville. L. E. Gilbert (pers. comm.) has observed pixe at Cd. Mante, Tamaulipas, 380 km south of Brownsville.
In June, July and August of 1961, I observed this species in Brownsville. Larvae were found and reared to imago feeding on an introduced ornamental, guamuchil, Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. This leguminous shrub is native to Mexico and through Central America to Colombia and Venezuela (Little & Wadsworth, 1964, Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, Agric. Handbook 249, U.S.D.A.). Adult M. pixe are very poor fliers and are often seen hovering around the host plant. Their flight pattern is suggestive of many of the warning-colored day-flying moths.
Melanis pixe was first reported from the U.S. on 21 March 1956 by O. O. Stout in Brownsville. (This and the following records are from the files of R. O. Kendall.) Field collections of M. pixe occurred from 1957-1961; none were subsequently reported until the late 1960’s, when C. A. Kendall sighted one. All U.S. records to date are from Brownsville. I saw no further specimens after the superabundance in 1961.
Possibly, the absence of M. pixe in 1962 and subsequent years resulted from the effects of the catastrophic freeze of 9-12 January 1962. Brownsville reported a low temperature of 19°F (12 January), the coldest since 1899. Massive damage to citrus groves and substantial damage to native vegetation resulted. This freeze undoubtedly was the most destructive to native wildlife and vegetation recorded (Heitzman, 1962, J. Lepid. Soc. 16: 249-150; James, 1963, Southwest. Nat. 8: 45—46.).
The first reported occurrence of M. pixe in the Brownsville area corresponded with one of the warmest periods on record in the same area. No severe freezes were recorded from 1952-1961 (lowest temperature 29°F); no freezing temperatures were recorded from 1954-1958, inclusive. The warm vears of the mid-1960’s again per- mitted the occurrence of M. pixe in the lower Rio Grande Valley.
Many butterflies of northern Mexico are found in southern Texas, but only under certain environmental conditions (Gilbert, 1969, J. Lepid. Soc. 23: 177-185). Popu- lations of M. pixe may be completely eliminated by these severe freezes and must disperse from Mexico; on the other hand, populations may simply be so low in numbers and local in nature that detection is unlikely.
A puzzle yet to be solved is determination of the native larval foodplant of M. pixe. Adults flying around Pithecellobium dulce showed no attraction behavior toward Texas ebony, P. flexicaule (Benth.) Coult., a common tree in southern Texas; M. pixe larvae have never been found on this species. A specimen of Texas
70 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
ebony was less than 10 m from the smaller P. dulce that supported M. pixe larvae. Pithecellobium dulce has been reported common around Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas (Robert Runyon, botanical voucher sheet 777, Univ. Texas at Austin Herbarium), 320 km south of Brownsville. There possibly has never been a native foodplant for M. pixe in the Brownsville area. Thus, M. pixe may have occurred in southern Texas only since the introduction of guamuchil.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to thank R. O. Kendall for information on previous sightings of this species.
RaymMonp W. Neck, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, John H. Reagan Build- ing, Austin, Texas 78701.
NEW FOODPLANT AND OVIPOSITION RECORDS FOR BATTUS PHILENOR (PAPILIONIDAE)
Battus philenor (1..) feeds on several species in the plant family Aristolochiaceae. In the central and southern Appalachian regions of the eastern U.S.A., Aristolochia serpentaria L, is a predominant native foodplant species (Scudder, 1889, The butter- flies of the eastern U.S. and Canada, 2: 1219-1364; Holland, 1898, The butterfly book, Doubleday, Doran & Co. New York; Forbes, 1960, Comell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Memoir #371). The northern range limits of Battus philenor probably are extended by feeding upon the introduced ornamental Aristolochia sipho L’Her or Asarum spp. In Texas, Kendall (1964, J. Lepid. Soc. 18: 129-157, and pers. comm. ) reports only Aristolochia longiflora (Engelm. & Gray). Here we report feeding and oviposition by B. philesor on Aristolochia serpentaria and A. reticulata (Nutt.) in eastern Texas. These observations apparently represent new foodplant records for the state of Texas and the U.S.A., respectively.
During a collecting trip to the “Big Thicket” region of eastern Texas in late March, 1972, eggs and larvae of first through third instars of the pipevine swallow- tail, Battus philenor, were found upon the small perennial Aristolochia reticulata in a longleaf pine forest near Camp Waluta, approximately 6 mi. NW of Silsbee between routes 92 and 69 in Hardin County. In addition, several females were seen ovi- positing on these plants. Another trip during the following spring to the same area yielded similar observations. From 8 April 1973 through 13 April 1973, eggs, larvae of various instars and ovipositing females were abundant upon the A. reticulata (Fig. 1). Eggs were laid most frequently in groups of two, three or four per plant, though the number laid by an individual female on any one occasion ranged from one to seven per plant.
While following one particular female engaged in the characteristic ‘ovipositional searching’ flight between 12:25 and 13:00 hours on 12 April 1973, oviposition was observed upon Aristolochia serpentaria. Although A. reticulata plants were more abundant, none were selected by this female for oviposition, or even approached. Three A. serpentaria plants were supplied with one, three and two eggs respectively.
Although A. serpentaria is not apparently a widespread hostplant for Battus philenor in Texas, it is more common in other states to the northeast. Aristolochia reticulata, however, has not to our knowledge ever been reported as a foodplant of B. philenor. The explanation for the intensive use of A. reticulata in the Waluta site and the absence of records elsewhere probably stems from the fact that A. reticulata has a relatively restricted range. It is found in the humus of sandy soils of pine-hardwoods or pine savannahs only in eastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas
VoLUME 30, NuMBER 1 ck
Fig. 1. Battus philenor female ovipositing upon Aristolochia reticulata 12 April 1973 in a long leaf pine savannah near Silsbee, Hardin County, Texas.
and northwestern Louisiana (Pfeifer, 1966, Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn. 53: 115-196; Correll & Johnston, 1970, Manual of the vascular plants of Texas, Texas Research Foundation).
Specimens of Aristolochia reticulata have been deposited in the Bailey Hortorium at Cornell University. Battus philenor individuals which were found and reared upon the A. reticulata have been deposited in the Cornell Collection (Lot 1023; sublot 18).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks are extended to Geraldine Watson for identification of the two plant species, but most especially for her enthusiastic and valuable guidance in locating the many beautiful and priceless portions of the Big Thicket region of eastern Texas which were appropriate for our studies. The travel expenses were borne by
N. S. F. Grant # GB 33398.
J. Mark ScripeR AND Pau P. FEENy. Department of Entomology, Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, New York 14853.
—~l bo
OURNAL OF THE 3 E LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
BOOK REVIEW
THE SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES OF NortH AMmeEricA, by Hamilton A. Tyler. 1975. Naturegraph Publishers, Healdsburg, Ca. vii + 192 p., illus. + 16 plates. Price $5.95 (U.S.) paperback, $9.95 cloth.
This book is a pleasant blending of the scientific and popular knowledge of the North American swallowtail butterflies. The geographic region encompassed extends from the arctic into the North American faunal region of Mexico and to the southern political boundary of that country. The author has chosen to include neotropical species as well as an aid to visitors to Mexico. The format is of a convenient, almost field guide size. There is a wealth of information presented in a rather informal manner. The usual taxonomic treatment appears with keys, wing venation diagrams, etc., but also included are biogeographical data, evolutionary speculations, mimicry, hilltopping, hybridization experiments and other interesting items. There is extensive information on distribution, food plants and immatures. A nice feature, not seen in many scientific books, is a discussion of the origin of the scientific names used to describe the members of the supergenus Papilio.
The author divides the swallowtails into the four genera: Papilio, Eurytides, Parides and Battus. These are then subdivided into species groups within each genus forming the basis for the book chapters. The genera Parnassius and Baronia are given only brief treatment as they are not true swallowtails. For each species, the various subspecies and forms are discussed, and information is provided such that similar appearing species may be differentiated. Data are then presented for habitat, flight period, food plants, early stages and distribution.
Interspersed throughout the text are line drawings of ova, larva and pupa. There are two sets of color plates which are composed of water color renditions of the principal species and many of the subspecies discussed in the text. The plates are certainly adequate and many present rather natural portrayals of the imagines. A “color errata” noting color registration shifts to be corrected in subsequent printings is included. There are three indices: a general index, an index of swallowtail names and an index of larval food plants. A “selected” bibliography appears at the end of the book which, while perhaps selected, presents in four pages a reasonably comprehensive treatment.
The informal style may aggrevate some workers, but I found it quite refreshing. The book is certainly current and cites ongoing and incompleted taxonomic and breeding studies. Generally it appeared free from typographical errors. The only criticism that I would offer is the lack of inclusion of authority names when the scientific names of plants are listed. A few food plant omissions were noted, but these are of minor consequence. It would have been helpful if the undersides of all of the members of the Old World swallowtail group (machaon-polyxenes-bairdii, etc.) had been figured, as in many cases, the ventral surfaces contain the necessary diagnostic characters for reliable species separation.
This book is a useful addition to the library and should appeal to the amateur and serious collector alike as an informative and ready reference.
Currorp D. Ferris, Bioengineering Program, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071.
EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE JOURNAL GeorceE L. Goprrey, Editor
Illinois Natural History Survey, Natural Resources Building Urbana, Illinois 61801 U.S.A.
Witu1AM H. ALxen, Associate Editor James G. STERNBURG, Associate Editor
NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS
Contributions to the Journal may deal with any aspect of the collection and study of Lepidoptera. Contributors should prepare manuscripts according to the following instructions.
Text: Manuscripts should be submitted in duplicate, and must be typewritten, entirely double-spaced, employing wide margins, on one side only of white, 8% x 11 inch paper. Titles should be explicit and descriptive of the article’s: content, including the family name of the subject, but must be kept as short as possible. The first men- tion of a plant or animal in the text should include the full scientific name, with authors of zoological names. Insect measurements should be given in metric units; times should be given in terms of the 24-hour clock (e.g. 0930, not 9:30 AM). Underline only where italics are intended. References to footnotes should be num- bered consecutively, and the footnotes typed on a separate sheet.
Literature Cited: References in the text of articles should be given as, Sheppard (1959) or (Sheppard, 1959, 196la, 1961b) and all must be listed alphabetically under the heading LireRaTurE Crrep, in the following format:
SHepparD, P. M. 1959. Natural selection and heredity. 2nd. ed. Hutchinson, London. 209 p.
196la. Some contributions to population genetics resulting from the study of the Lepidoptera. Adv. Genet. 10: 165-216.
In the case of general notes, references should be given in the text as, Sheppard (1961, Adv. Genet. 10: 165-216) or (Sheppard 1961, Sym. Roy. Entomol. Soc. London 1: 23-30).
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Tables: Tables should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals. Headings for tables should not be capitalized. Tabular material should be kept to a minimum and must be typed on separate sheets, and placed following the main text, with the approximate desired position indicated in the text. Vertical rules should be avoided.
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CONTENTS
PRESIDENTAL AppRESS 1975—To My FrLttow Amateurs. André Blanchard) 003 BO ONO SRS Seen
New HEsPeRUDAE RECORDS FOR TEXAS AND THE UNITED STATES. William W. McGuire and Michael A. Rickard
A New SupspEcies OF ARGYREUS HYPERBIUS (NYMPHALIDAE) FROM New Guinea. Chris Samson
CALLOPHRYS ERYPHON ( LYCAENIDAE) IN Marne. Warren J. Kiel
Nores OF MARYLAND LEPIDOPTERA. 5. A NEw SuBSPECIES OF POANES MASSASOIT (HeEspERuDAE). William A. Andersen and Robert S. Simmons
NOTES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND NATURAL History OF BUTTERFLIES OF Ex SALvapor. VII. ARCHAEOPREPONA DEMOPHON CENTRALIS (NymMpHALDAE). Alberto Muyshondt
New CATOCALA oF NortH AMERICA (Noctumae). A. E. Brower __
A CHECKLIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES OF GRANT County, NEw Mexico AND Vicinity. Clifford D. Ferris
BioLoGy AND TAXONOMY OF THREE GALL FORMING SPECIES OF EPIBLEMA (OLETHREUTIDAE). William E. Miller
MIGRATION OF BUTTERFLIES ALONG THE GULF COAST OF NORTHERN Fioriwa. F. A. Urquhart and N. R. Urquhart
New HEspreruparE Recorps ror Mexico. Hugh Avery Freeman
GENERAL NOTES
Capture of a hybrid Limenitis arthemis astyanax < L. archippus (Nym- phalidae) in southern Georgia. Richard T. Arbogast _._________
Hapalia nigristriatalis a synonym of Udea angustalis (Pyralidae: Pyraus- tinae).: Eugene Maaro@: i010
Mathildana newmanella (Oecophoridae ) in Arkansas. John B. Heppner __.
A possible source of mortality in Papilio troilus (Papilionidae) populations in eastern Texas,’ J. Mark Seriber02 0 ee
Occurrence of Leptotes cassius theonus (Lycaenidae) in Georgia. Richard Ts APOC dsG NN SA UU
Range extensions of Callophrys fotis, C. polios, Colias alexandra and Erebia callias (Lycaenidae, Pieridae and Satyridae). Clifford D. Ferris __
Amblyscirtes belli (Hesperiidae): A new record for Kentucky. Richard Aly SHR TSOR OL NI i Ce UNO ML
Factors affecting the occurrence of Melanis pixe (Riodinidae) in extreme southern Texas, Raymond W. Neck 0k
New foodplant and oviposition records for Battus philenor ( Papilionidae). J: Mark Scriber and Paul P. Péeny 0 ee
BOOwK Pee ee a een ea 1 CI OL A
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Volume 30 1976 Number 2
JOURNAL
of the
LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
Published quarterly by THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
Publié par LA SOCIETE DES LEPIDOPTERISTES Herausgegeben von DER GESELLSCHAFT DER LEPIDOPTEROLOGEN Publicado por LA SOCIEDAD DE LOS LEPIDOPTERISTAS
¢. hodges
12 July 1976
THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY
EXECUTIVE COUNCIL
RonaLp W. Honcss, President
S. S. Nicoxay, President-elect Ouar H. H. Mic.kz, Vice President Donatp R. Davis, Ist Vice President Joun M. SnwwER, Treasurer WiLL1AM Hovanitz, Vice President Ler D. MILLER, Secretary
Members at large (three year terms):
D. C. Fercuson (1975) J. T. BREwer (1976) C. V. CovELL, Jr. (1976) R. O. KENDALL (1975) K. S. Brown (1976) D. F. Harpwick (1977) J. A. Powrett (1975) K. W. Purp (1976) J. B. Zrecier - (1977)
The object of the Lepidopterists’ Society, which was formed in May, 1947 and formally constituted in December, 1950, is “to promote the science of lepidopterology in all its branches, . . . . to issue a periodical and other publications on Lepidoptera, to facilitate the exchange of specimens and ideas by both the professional worker and the amateur in the field; to secure cooperation in all measures” directed towards these aims.
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Memoirs of the Lepidopterists’ Society, No. 1 (Feb. 1964) A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE NEARCTIC RHOPALOCERA
by Cyrit F. pos Passos
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JouRNAL OF Tue LeprIpopreRIstTs’ SOCIETY
Volume 30 1976 Number 2
A STUDY OF THE PENINSULAR FLORIDA POPULATIONS OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY (DANAUS P. PLEXIPPUS; DANAIDAE)
F. A. URQUHART AND N. R. URQUHART Scarborough College, University of Toronto, West Hill, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A7
A number of contradictory reports have been published concerning the presence or absence of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus (L.) ) in the peninsular part of Florida (hereafter referred to as Peninsular Florida and being that portion of the State between Latitude 30°N-24°N) throughout the year. Some published reports indicate that the monarch butterfly is absent during the summer months while others report the presence of this species throughout the year (Urquhart, 1960). Brower (1961) reported breeding populations in January and throughout the spring and summer months (March through August).
To clarify this situation, since it forms an integral part of our complete investigation of the movements of this species throughout North America, a continuous study of the populations in Peninsular Florida was com- menced in 1968 and carried out through 1973. The results of this six year study program are here presented.
PROCEDURE
With the active cooperation of our research associates (Urquhart, 1960) living in Florida, together with a number of field expeditions, a program of field observations, collecting of larvae, tagging of imagoes and recording of larval stages of development was set up in the following areas (Fig. 1): Area I (Orlando); Area II (Temple Terrace, Lithia, Palmetto, Bradenton, Sarasota); Area III (Fort Lauderdale, North Miami Beach, Homestead ). Observations were made on the presence of imagoes and species of milkweed (Asclepias) at Area IV (Key Vaca and adjacent
74 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Fig. 1. Research areas: (I (Orlando); II (Temple Terrace, Lithia, Palmetto, Bradenton, Sarasota); III (Fort Lauderdale, North Miami Beach, Homestead); IV (Key Vaca); BR (area studied by Brower at Highland Hammock State Park, Lake Childs, Old Venus, 22 mi. SW Clewiston ).
Keys). Larvae collected were reared (outdoors) to the imago stage and alar tagged (Urquhart, 1960) and released.
A specimen alar tagged and liberated at a particular time and later recaptured at some other place gave information as to the direction flown, distance travelled and the time interval involved. In addition, the total number of specimens tagged was recorded as well as the total of recap- tures, in order to ascertain whether or not, in terms of percentage of recaptures, there was any significant movement within a given population.
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 2 15
RESULTS
Flight of Imagoes
During the autumnal migration, the majority of females in a moving population are in a state of ovarian dormancy (Urquhart, 1960). A small percentage of females, however, mate prior to moving southward or, in some cases, during the movement, and are capable of laying fertilized eggs on the milkweed plants of various species along the route of migra- tion ( Urquhart, 1960). It has been found that if these ovipositing females are kept under laboratory conditions, they will continue to lay their full complement of eggs. The female offspring, if maintained in the labora- tory, do not enter a state of ovarian dormancy and hence will mate and lay viable eggs. Thus, a population of monarchs may be maintained in the laboratory throughout the year ( Urquhart & Stegner, 1966). If, on the other hand, a female that is in the state of ovarian dormancy is held in the laboratory under ambient conditions, ovipositing does not take place nor do eggs develop in the ovaries, even after a period of five months. However, females in ovarian dormancy that were collected from the overwintering sites in California (Monterey) in January and held under ambient laboratory conditions developed eggs in the last week of February and laid viable eggs in March (Urquhart, 1960). As yet no significant research has been carried out as to the factors involved in initiating or depressing ovarian dormancy, although light period is sus- pected. Thus, a migrating population of monarch butterflies includes some gravid females and some in ovarian dormancy. In a particular area, such as Florida, one will encounter a population in which some of the individuals are part of a migrating population and capable of laying viable eggs; others may be in a state of ovarian dormancy and will con- tinue their migration southward without ovipositing; while still others may be the offspring of ovipositing migrants, thus giving rise to what might be considered a “resident population.”
As a result of the alar tagging program, which has been carried out in North America over the past 24 years, the release-recapture records indi- cate that a few migrants from eastern Canada and the eastern United States travel through Peninsular Florida (Fig. 2). One alar tagged migrant released in Grafton, Ontario, Canada was recaptured in Miami, Florida having flown south, a distance of 1223 mi. Another migrant alar tagged in Binghamton, New York was recaptured at Miami, Florida having flown south southwest, a distance of 1114 mi. A third migrant tagged at Port Hope, Ontario, Canada was recaptured in Havana, Cuba having flown south a distance of 1403 mi. A specimen tagged at Anna Maria, Florida in research Area II was recaptured in Miami, having flown
76 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
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Fig. 2. Long distance migration records (release-recapture lines): (A) Miller Key to Kingsville, Texas; (B) Port Hope, Ontario, Canada to Havana, Cuba; (C)
Anna Maria to Miami; (D) Grafton, Ontario, Canada to Miami; (E.) Binghamton, New York to Miami.
southeast a distance of 195 mi. A migrant alar tagged at Miller Key in Area II was recaptured in Kingsville, Texas having flown a distance west- ward of 860 mi. All of these distances are measured as straight lines between the point of release and that of recapture. The actual route taken is, of course, not known.
Although two long flight records are reported for specimens alar tagged in Area II, most of the recaptures were for shorter distances and flights were in various directions (Fig. 3; Table 1).
Of a total of 4146 specimens tagged in Peninsular Florida, only 39
VoLuME 30, NuMBER 2 77
Fig. 3. Release-recapture lines for specimens tagged in Area II showing move- ment away from the area at various times of the year and the number of tagged specimens that were recaptured close to the site of tagging—indicated by a circle with enclosed number.
78 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Taste 1. Tagging results showing distances travelled, direction of flight and number of recaptures in each case.
Distance
Travelled Flight Number of Tagged at (Km ) Direction Recaptures Bradenton 0 0 22, Bradenton 28 WNW 1 Bradenton 13 SSE ) Sarasota 16 N 1 Sarasota 0 0 2 Myakka State Park 0 1) 1 Ft. Lauderdale 0 0 1 Coquina Beach 228 SE 1 Mullett Key 1003 W 1 Anna Maria 24 NNE 1 Palmetto 0 0) 1 Boca Grande Dall NNW IL
were recaptured (.94%) even though the tagged specimens were released in well populated areas where the chances of recapture should have been much greater, as has been the case in other parts of North America dur- ing the migrating period (Urquhart, 1960).
Presence of Larvae
Brower (1961) recorded breeding populations of the monarch butter- fly in the area marked BR (Fig. 1). These observations were made at: Highland Hammock State Park; east side of Lake Childs; Old Venus; and 22 mi. SW of Clewiston, given as the junction of highways 846 and 833. The observations were made during the months of March (25-31), April (2-30), June (15-30), July (7-31), and August (1-4). Brower also reported a breeding populatioin in the same area in January.
During the years 1958-1973 inclusive, larvae were collected in the field and reared outdoors, the resulting imagoes alar tagged and released. The number of larvae collected each day was recorded and summated for a particular month. The number of larvae recorded varied for a particular month from one year to another. This was due to the variable activity of the field assistants, the size of the population in any one year and the restricted oviposition of a particular female or females with respect to the number of milkweed plants present. Thus, although a total of 116 larvae were collected in June of 1969, fewer were collected in June of 1970 and 1971. Hence, the data presented in Table 2 and the summation with imagoes in the histogram (Fig. 4) only indicate trends and not accurate field population densities for each year.
VoLUME 30, NuMBER 2 79
760}
680
510
360
NUMBER OF SPECIMENS COLLECTED Py fe i—)
280 200 120
40
MONTHS
Fig. 4. Number of specimens collected during the entire research period for each month. Broken line in January indicating what was possibly the true population figure as explained in the text. Two peaks of abundance are noted.
Foodplant
The presence of a breeding population of monarch butterflies depends upon the presence of various species of the genus Asclepias, upon which the larvae feed.
Of the 21 species of Asclepias listed for Florida (Woodson, 1954), 15
occur in Peninsular Florida, the remainder being reported for the north-
TaBLE 2. Number of specimens (larvae and imagoes) collected per month for all years (1968-1973).
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
220 16 17 48 202 122 58 169 198 158 59 92 (208) (88) (78) (177) (269) (155) (112) (87) (142) (358) (706) (118) Total 428 104 95 225 471 277 170 256 340 516 765 210
80 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
ern portion of Florida here referred to as the Panhandle area. Brower (1961) recorded larvae feeding upon 4 species of Asclepias, namely: tuberosa rolfsii, humistrata, tomentosa and curtisii. Of these the most abundant were tuberosa rolfsii and tomentosa, the others recorded as uncommon. In addition to Brower’s records, verticillata, which occurs in rather dry, wooded areas, and lanceolata, found in wet, marshy areas, are of common occurrence throughout Peninsular Florida. The remain- ing species occur as widely scattered plants and are recorded from only a few localities.
Unlike some species of Asclepias, such as A. syriaca, which occurs in dense growths, the plants of species found in Peninsular Florida tend to be widely separated from one another. There are some species, such as humistrata and tuberosa, found as flowering plants in home gardens, and much of the data recorded in this paper are based on larvae collected from such plants.
Whether or not the larvae of the monarch butterfly will feed on the foliage of all species of Asclepias is not known. Brower (1961) has recorded 4 species upon which larvae were found feeding. Urquhart (1960) has recorded 10 species of which 4 are found in Peninsular Florida (incarnata, tuberosa, tomentosa, curassavica), as well as 3 species of related genera.
From the above xecords one may assume, subject to further study, that the larvae of the monarch butterfly will feed on all species of Asclepias. Hence, breeding populations may occur in many areas of Peninsular Florida in addition to those recorded here, so long as tempera- ture permits the survival of both the host plant and the larvae.
Discussion Areas of Concentration and Flight Directions
It has been well documented that the autumnal migrants follow a northeast to southwest flight direction (Urquhart, 1960). It has also been shown that although small breeding populations may occur south of Lat. 39°N, by far the greatest concentration of summer population build up takes place between Lat. 45°N and Lat. 35°N and east of Long. 100°. This is specifically correlated with the distribution of Asclepias syriaca, a species which, by the nature of its rhizomatous root system, grows in dense clusters often covering many acres of marginal land as well as appearing in considerable abundance along gravel roadways and rail- way lines (Fig. 5). Other species occur in this area of syriaca abundance, such as amplexicaulis, exaltata, tuberosa and verticellata, thus adding to the great abundance of host plants throughout the area indicated.
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 2 81
a een SS AN \
ie | we ( | vi a se We aN | cae i ieee eaten N5e- ee
Fig. 5. Area of Asclepias abundance (stipled) and direction of monarch migration from this area to the southwest (solid arrow) accounting for the relatively meager migration through Peninsular Florida.
Since the line of autumnal migration is from northeast to southwest, as indicated by the arrow in Fig. 5, the majority of the autumnal migrants will tend to by-pass Peninsular Florida. Observations made on a number of field trips to northern Florida, as well as the eastern section of the United States (east of and including the Appalachian Highlands) have definitely indicated this trend. Therefore, relatively few autumnal migrants from the area of most abundant host plants travel down Penin- sular Florida. There will be a certain small number of migrants emanating
82 JourNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
from those areas where species of Asclepias occur in smaller numbers in the south and southeast parts of the continent; together, this constitutes a minority of the autumnal migrants.
If the above concept is correct, namely that Peninsular Florida is by- passed, then one would expect to find large numbers of migrants along the Florida Panhandle Gulf coast. This has been found to be the case (Urquhart, 1966). During the autumnal migration countless numbers of monarchs move west along the Gulf coast with great concentrations in the Apalachee Bay area at a time when relatively few specimens can be ob- served in the Gulf coast area of Peninsular Florida. Of those that do enter Peninsular Florida, field observations together with alar tag returns indicate that the movement is south and for the most part along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
If the Peninsular Florida populations move southward one would ex- pect to find migrants in some of the islands of the Gulf of Mexico and, perhaps, in parts of southern Mexico and Central America. As a result of field expeditions to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and Guatemala, both larvae and imagoes of the monarch butterfly were collected in the autumnal migration period (Fig. 6). Of the latter, many were definitely migrants as indicated by the colour change and scale loss ( Urquhart, 1960). The situation in these areas is similar in all respects to that found in Florida.
It would therefore appear that the small, migrating population of monarch butterflies moving down Peninsular Florida, together with generations resulting from ovipositing migrants, travel via the offshore islands of Florida in the Gulf of Mexico and along the Florida Keys, eventually reaching Cuba. From Cuba, the flight continues from the area of Pinard el Rio to Yucatan, and from there to various parts of southern Mexico and Central America in which migrants in ovarian dormancy, gravid migrants, and generations of larvae and imagoes result- ing from the latter occur (Fig. 6).
No large over-wintering concentrations of migrants in dormancy, as reported for California and observed in at least one area of Mexico (ms. in preparation), were located. It is assumed, however, that individuals from Yucatan and Guatemala, as well as other adjacent areas, will, during the vernal migration, travel northeastward, entering Cuba and eventually Florida in the spring and early summer, thus increasing the population of Peninsular Florida during this period.
Correlation Between Larval Population and Migrants
As pointed out in this paper and previously documented (Urquhart, 1960, 1966), migrant females may be in a physiological state which is
VoLUME 30, NuMBER 2
83
Fig. 6. Migration route from Peninsular Florida to Cuba and Yucatan. Migrant monarchs and larvae found at Chetumal, Flores, Morales and Guatemala as indicated. In addition to localities indicated in the figure, migrants and larvae were found at Villahermosa, Palenque, Zinacantan, Tuxtla and Oaxaca in the isthmus area of southern Mexico.
84 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
referred to as ovarian dormancy; or they may be capable of ovipositing wherever species of milkweed occur along the southward migratory route. Hence, larvae will occur from late summer (August) to late fall (November) along the migratory route so long as freezing temperatures do not occur, limiting the growth of milkweed (Urquhart, 1960). Ovi- positing migrants reaching Peninsular Florida will oviposit on various species of milkweed and, so long as the temperature is suitable for larval growth and the host plant available, larvae and imagoes may be found throughout the year (Urquhart & Stegner, 1966).
Two peaks of monarch abundance (Fig. 4) occur throughout the year, a small peak in April-June and a larger one in August-November. The first peak is correlated with the advent of ovipositing vernal migrants, as discussed previously, and the second and larger peak with the advent of a much larger population of ovipositing autumnal migrants. Correlated with the occurrence of migrants, and hence a larger population of imagoes, is the presence of more abundant food plants as compared to conditions during the winter period. Decreased populations occur in January—March and July-August as the result of the decrease in the num- ber of migrants. The meager population is, however, maintained as a result of the lingering presence of a few migrant stragglers as well as first and second generations resulting from gravid female migrants.
The rate of growth of the larvae during the winter period is reduced due in part to the lack of available host plants and partly to the effect of low temperatures lowering the growth rate. Concerning the latter, observations on various field expeditions during periods of low tempera- tures showed that larvae will drop from the host plant and remain on the ground in an inactive state until the return of higher temperatures.
Factors Limiting a Large Population in Peninsular Florida
Larval response in seeking host plants. Urquhart (1960) indicated, by movement tracings of larvae with respect to the ability of the larvae to locate the host plant when in close proximity to it, that they were unable to locate the host plant except by random movement. Experiments carried out in the field indicated that many larvae, when once dislodged from the host plant, were unable to locate the same plant or a substitute one when the plants were widely separated. As a result of numerous observations on various field trips through Peninsular Florida it is con- cluded that the various species of milkweed plants are widely separated
in any growth area. Hence, many larvae would not complete the life cycle in most parts of F pied
~ VotuME 30, NuMBER 2 85
15
13
11
NO. OF SPECIMENS TAGGED it~)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RECAPTURES—WEEKLY INTERVALS
Fig. 7. Showing the rapid decrease in recapture of tagged specimens due to emigration from the area of release.
Insufficient food supply and competition with other species. Although there are a number of species of milkweed found in Peninsular Florida, there are not sufficient numbers of any one species, or of all species, to support a large population such as occurs in northeastern United States. Also, with the advent of low temperatures, particularly in areas north of the frost line (Lat. 28°N), many species of milkweed will drop their leaves and not resume growth until the following spring: in addition, many species die off during the winter period and resume growth the following spring (Woodson, 1954).
86 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
Brower (1962) has hypothesized competition for host plants with Danaus gilippus berenice (Cramer). However, in our six years of inten- sive field studies, during which time many hundreds of monarch larvae were collected and reared for migratory purposes, that were carried out through the entire calendar year in many localities throughout Florida (both Peninsular and Panhandle), there was no evidence of such com- petition. Throughout most of Florida, the larvae of D. g. berenice were scarce, only a few specimens being collected by our field assistants and ourselves, while monarch larvae, in many areas, were quite abundant. It is suggested that the observations of Brower were for a limited area and during a short period of the year during which place and time, D. g. berenice larvae were locally abundant.
Imago migration. It has been shown in this paper that relatively few alar tagged specimens were recaptured, even though all were liberated in areas of high human population, as compared to returns for other parts of the continent (Urquhart, 1960); further, that the majority of recap- tures were made during the first two weeks following release with a marked drop in recaptures in the third and fourth weeks and none after six weeks (Fig. 7). From this it is concluded that the imago population does not remain in a given area but like the true migrants move away from the area to the south in the fall and winter and north in spring and early summer.
SUMMARY
1. Owing to the southwest pattern of the autumnal migration and the relationship of larvae to the presence of the abundant supply of milk- weed plants in eastern North America, relatively few migrants pass through Peninsular Florida.
2. Female migrants that are in ovarian dormancy together with migrant males move southward or southwestward to Cuba and thence to the Yucatan Peninsula.
3. Gravid migrant females deposit eggs on species of milkweed along the migratory route.
4. Generations resulting from eggs deposited by gravid females move southward and southwestward, as in 2 above; the females in gravid state.
5. As a result of the paucity and scattered nature of the milkweed plants, limiting survival of larvae, together with the advent of low temperatures which prolongs larval growth period and reduces available food plants, and the movement southward of the imagoes, the monarch
population in Peninsular Florida remains relatively low throughout the year,
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 2 87
6.A definite correlation exists between the number of larvae and imagoes and the autumnal and vernal migrations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present investigation is part of a larger research program dealing with the migrations and ecology of the monarch butterfly and sponsored by research grants from the National Research Council of Canada, the National Geographic Society, and the Insect Migration Research Association.
LITERATURE CITED
Brower, L. P. 1961. Studies on the migration of the monarch butterfly I. Breed- ing populations of Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecology 42: 76-83.
1962. Evidence for interspecific competition in natural populations of the monarch and queen butterflies, Danaus plexippus and D. gilippus berenice in south central Florida. Ecology 43: 549-552.
Urounart, F. A. 1960. The Monarch Butterfly. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. 361 p.
1966. A study of the migrations of the Gulf Coast populations of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.) in North America. Ann. Zool. Fennici. 3: 82-87.
Urouuart, F. A. & R. W. Stecner. 1966. Laboratory techniques for maintaining cultures of the monarch butterfly. J. Res. Lep. 5: 129-136.
Woopson, R. E. 1954. The North American species of Asclepias L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 41: 1-211.
88 JouRNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
FUGITIVE COLOR IN THE MALES OF CERTAIN PIERIDAE
Harry K. CLENCH Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
In late June 1973 I collected a series of Nathalis iole Boisduval at Nicolls Town, North Andros Island, in the Bahamas. They were spread shortly after my return home and a curious fact was then immediately evident. The small, oval, androconial patch of each of the males, near the base of the costa on the upperside of the hindwing, was bright, vivid orange. In all our other males of N. iole this patch is dull yellow, regardless of whether they came from the West Indies (including New Providence Island in the Bahamas), the United States or Central America.
A month or so later Mr. Allan Watson of the British Museum was visiting us and I told him about this odd population. I showed him the series, the first time in several weeks that I had seen the specimens myself. The orange color of the androconial patches seemed to be much duller and less striking at this time than I had remembered it earlier. In late August, two months from when they had been captured, I examined the series once again. The orange color was completely gone, and the speci- mens were all perfectly ordinary-looking N. iole, with the androconial patches the usual dull yellow.
I then wrote to two colleagues, Dr. Lee D. Miller and Mr. F. Martin Brown, both of whom live in “iole country,” and described the situation, asking them if they could catch and examine fresh N. iole males to see what color the patches were in their areas. They both reported them to be orange, as they had been in the Andros specimens.
In early June 1974 I took additional N. iole in the Bahamas, this time on Grand Bahama Island, at Pine Ridge, 4 mi. NE of Freeport. In July, just over a month since they were captured, the scent patches of the males were orange (although not as bright as I recall them in the Andros series); in August, two months after capture, the orange was gone (a slight trace in one specimen may have remained). Examination of speci- mens under a dissecting microscope in July showed nothing unusual other than a uniform orange tinge to the patch.
This color change in the androconial patch of male N. iole had been observed long ago by Gundlach (1881:100).
On North Andros in June 1973 I also caught a pair, male and female, of Eurema (Pyrisitia) messalina blakei Maynard. After they had been spread an examination showed that the male (but not the female) had a distinct pink bar on the underside of the forewing, running from near
VoLuME 30, NuMBER 2 89
the base distad for about 2/3 of the inner margin, in interspace Cuz-2A. Other E. messalina males in the collection, from the Bahamas, Cuba and and Jamaica, had no pink on any of them.
I kept this curiosity in mind when in the Bahamas again in June 1974. On South Andros Island, near Driggs Hill, E. messalina was not uncom- mon and I obtained a series, examining each of them as it was caught. The males all had the pink bar.
On my return to Pittsburgh I examined again the now year-old male from North Andros. To my surprise the pink bar had disappeared com- pletely. I had examined this male in April 1974 and am reasonably sure that the pink bar was still present, some 10 months after capture. Exam- ination of my June 1974 specimens in August, two months after capture, showed that of eight males, the patch was absent in two, extremely faint in five, clearly visible in one.
When the newer specimens had been spread I examined the males under the dissecting microscope. The scales in the pink area were white and all seemed identical in structure to the scales in the white areas nearby on the wing, except that each one had its distal edge narrowly and sharply bright red, as though it had been dipped in red ink.
The situations in the two species are probably related. In both species only males are involved; and in both species the color is fugitive. It may also be significant that the ground color of Eurema messalina is white and the fugitive color of the bar is pink, whereas in Nathalis iole the ground color of the patch is yellow, which would appear orange if combined with pink. In other words, the transient pigment may be red in both, but appear as pink in E. messalina on the white ground, and as orange in N. iole because the patch substrate is yellow.
The transient color in N. iole is clearly associated with an androconial patch, a readily seen and morphologically distinct structure. The under- side of the forewing near the inner margin, where the pink bar occurs in E. messalina, is also a common site of androconial structures. It seems at least possible that the pink color transiently indicates an androconial area in that species that otherwise is not characterized by any visible structural modification.
If this is indeed the case, then androconial patches or areas may be present in more species than we know. Ordinary visible scent patches are useful taxonomic structures, their presence, location and configuration providing valuable clues to relationships. If less easily visible patches also exist, their attributes could be just as useful once they are made known. Some of them may be transiently visible because of an evanes- cent pigment, as is presumably true of E. messalina. In some species
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such pigments might be even more fugitive than in either of those re- ported here, so examination of males should be made when they are captured or as soon as possible thereafter.
It is even conceivable that androconial patches may exist without any ordinarily visible clue whatever, should the transient substance(s) associ- ated with them be unpigmented. Perhaps such patches could be “de- veloped,” by prompt treatment with a suitable reagent that would render the substance visible; or perhaps submicroscopic structural differences exist in the scales, invisible under conventional, magnification but show- ing up, say, in the scanning electron microscope.
Transient pigment need not always be associated with androconial areas. Clark & Clark (1951: 87) describe fugitive pink color in the North American pierid, Euchloe olympia Edwards, that may well be non-androconial. They make no mention of the sex of the individuals that show it, but the manner of their description suggests that it may be in both sexes; and the pink is found on wing areas where androconial patches rarely occur (anterior part of the hindwing underside; costal area of the forewing on both surfaces). From the Clarks’ description we cannot yet rule out completely the possibility that the evanescent pink of E. olympia is androconially associated, but it seems unlikely.
LITERATURE CITED
Criark, A. H. & L. F. Cuarx. 1951. The butterflies of Virginia. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 116 (7), vii + 239 p., ill.
Gunpbiacu, J. 1881. Contribucion a la entomologia Cubana. Habana (G. Montiel). 445 + xii p.
VoLUME 30, NUMBER 2 91
LARVAL MORPH VARIATION IN CHLOSYNE LACINIA (NYMPHALIDAE)
RayMonp W. NEcK* Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
Mature larvae of the patch butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer), exhibit striking color polymorphism. First described by T. D. A. Cockerell in Edwards (1893) and illustrated by Neck et al. (1971), the three morphs are as follows: rufa, an all orange or orange-red form; nigra, an all black form; and bicolor, a form basically black as in nigra but with a prominent mid-dorsal row of orange to orange-red blotches whose proximity to each other gives the impression of a stripe. The black pigment is present in the cuticle while the orange pigment is in a deeper layer (hypodermis ) that shows through window-like areas of the cuticle devoid of pigment.
Laboratory crosses utilizing adults of known larval phenotypes revealed that the larval color polymorphism involves two unlinked autosomal loci (Neck et al., 1971). At one locus bicolor (B) is dominant to nigra (b). At the second locus rufa (R) is dominant to non-rufa (r). The ruta allele is epistatic to the first locus; no phenotypic expression of the first locus occurs when the rufa allele is present at the second locus.
Although there are only three major morphs in this species, a variety of subtypes exists which indicate the influence of genetic modifiers and/or environmental factors. The most common variant is a nigra form with circular light yellow-orange spots of varying intensity at the base of each mid-dorsal spine. This phenotype, named dot, is pictured in Plate 1D of Neck et al. (1971). It may be the same form reported by Cockerell (in Edwards, 1893) and Gorodenski (1969) although the description by Cockerell (“with numerous yellow-white spots”) could possibly refer to the super-dot form described below.
Nearly all nigra have a small spot at the base of each mid-dorsal spine. (42 of 50 or 84.0% nigra larvae collected 10 September 1972 at Austin were definitely dot; others had very small dot.) In some individuals it is inconspicuous enough to be unnoticed unless critically examined under a dissecting microscope. In other individuals the dot is so large as to create confusion with the bicolor morph. In most cases the dot of the nigra tends towards yellow whereas the block of the stripe in bicolor is more orange. In addition, a black mid-dorsal line present in those larvae is seen in the bicolor larvae only between the orange spots and
1 Present address: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, John H. Reagan Building, Austin, Texas 78701.
92 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY
TABLE 1. Parental larval phenotypes: black x black.
Phenotypes of Progeny
brood number black dot total 129 84 86 170 DAP) 194 8 . 202 — 273 120 jLIL Val DATA 92 Dil 119 301 50 Dall 71
never in them. In dot nigra this line is seen between and entering the dot, continuing almost to the base of the spine.
Super-dot is also a variant of nigra with a yellow-orange spot at the base of each mid-dorsal, medio-dorsal, supra-spiracular and_ infra- spiracular spine. Super-dot also has a spot at the base of paired spines just above each proleg, a spot also present in bicolor and nigra. The more heavily yellowish-pigmented dot larvae also have yellow spots at the base of supra-spiracular spines, but they lack yellow at the base of medio- dorsal spines. A relationship between the dot and super-dot varieties may exist. One larva, collected as fourth instar was an extreme form of dot, i.e., very large spots at the bases of the mid-dorsal spines (but not others). This larva subsequently molted into a fifth instar super-dot form. Although dot larvae would thus appear to have a tendency to produce an abundance of yellowish spots, many dot phenotypes occur in fifth instar larvae.
Variation exists in the amount of melanin present in the cuticle. Nigra exhibits definite black and gray forms although intermediates occur that are difficult to place in either category. Dot larvae may be either gray or black, but all super-dot forms observed have been gray. The more evident dot larvae, however, are grays. The more intense pigmenta- tion in the black form tends to cover up the dot, but it can still be observed in most specimens. Therefore, unless the genetic basis involves incomplete dominance or incomplete penetrance of a normally dominant allele, two separate genetic systems are involved. A form of. bicolor exists with extensive melanization which obscures most of the orange. This form is sometimes difficult to distinguish from nigra, particularly in third and, sometimes, fourth instar. Inspection of less heavily mela- nized thoracic segments where the yellow-orange pigment can be seen more readily reveals such larvae as bicolor.
Intense melanization is also observed in rufa. Black pigmentation which is normally restricted to the base of various spines and inter-seg- mental membranes may be so intense that it is difficult to differentiate
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TABLE 2. Parental larval phenotypes: dot x dot.
Phenotypes of Progeny
brood number black dot total en 455 74 0 74 507B 288 13 301 516 44 15 59 517 72 36 108 559 70 24 94 570 62 0 62
it from nigra. Heavily pigmented rufa may be correctly determined as rufa by orange pigmentation which can be detected in areas around and ventral to spiracles. Also, rufa lacks the mid-dorsal black line present in the non-rufa morphs. A similar darkening appears in Chlosyne harrisii (Scudder) as the normally orange larvae of this species have been ob- served to be “nearly black at maturity, the fulvous being represented merely by a few dots and small spots” (Edwards, 1877). In this case, however, the imago was also strongly melanic; this has not been observed in C. lacinia.
Environmental conditions may exert a significant force in production of black, hidden-stripe and heavily melanized rufa forms. These forms are readily seen in laboratory cultures; they are quite rare in field popu- lations. Caterpillars raised under crowded laboratory conditions have been noticed to be generally darker than caterpillars occurring in the wild (see Long, 1952, 1953, and references therein). Cooler temperatures are also known to produce larvae which are more heavily pigmented than larvae reared at warmer temperatures (David & Gardiner, 1962). On the other hand, dot are often seen and super-dot forms have been seen in natural populations. The occurrence of super-dot forms appears to be correlated with large population sizes. Although observations are limited, this may indicate a relaxation of selection pressures as reported for adult phenotype of Melitaea aurinia Rott. (Ford & Ford, 1930).
Attempts to determine the genetic basis of these forms have been in- conclusive (Tables 1 and 2). Certain black x black crosses yielded black and dot larvae in 1:1 and 3:1 ratios in addition to some broods highly skewed for black, i.e., very few dot. However, several dot X dot crosses yielded broods with both black and dot larvae and some broods with only black larvae! The genetic basis of these forms is vague and may be highly influenced by environmental conditions as previously reported in the larvae of the arctiid moth Utetheisa pulchella L. (Kettlewell, 1964). Kettlewell (1944) reported results which he interpreted as being due
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to the expression of a gene which is normally buffered in natural con- ditions but is released under artificial laboratory conditions. Major variation within morph classes in some amphibians (Volpe, 1961; Resnick & Jameson, 1963) has been shown to be the result of incomplete pene- trance (variable expressivity) of various genes.
CONCLUSION
In Chlosyne lacinia genetic modifiers and environmental influences apparently act upon a basic three-phenotype polymorphic system. The result is to modify a genetically discontinuous system of variation into a system of nearly continuous variation. Such continuous variation was described for the larvae of this species by two workers (Koehler, 1927; Comstock, 1927, 1946).
LITERATURE CITED
Comstock, J. A. 1927. Butterflies of California. Published by author, Los Angeles. 334 p.
. 1946. A few pests of sunflower in California. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 45: 141-144.
Davin, W. A. L. & B. O. C. Garpiner. 1962. Observations on the larvae and pupae of Pieris brassicae (L.) in a laboratory culture. Bull. Ent. Res. 53: 417— 436.
Epwarps, W. H. 1877. Description of the preparatory stages of Phyciodes harrisii, Scudder. Can. Ent. 9: 165-168.
1893. Notes on a polymorphic butterfly, Synchloe lacinia, Geyer (in Hub. Zutr.), with a description of its preparatory stages. Can. Ent. 25: 286-291.
Foro, H. D. & E. B. Forp. 1930. Fluctuations in numbers, and its influence on variation, in Melitaea aurinia, Rott. (Lepidoptera). Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 78: 345-351.
Goropenski, S. A. 1969. The genetics of three polymorphic larval color forms of Chlosyne lacinia (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Genet. Res. 14: 332-336. KETTLEWELL, H. B. D. 1944. Temperature effects on the pupae of Panaxia domi-
nula Linn. Proc. S. London Ent. Nat. Hist.